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Why Labour should not embrace free schools

Andrew Adonis is wrong to argue that free schools do not favour the better off.

New Statesman
Mayor of London Boris Johnson with author Toby Young and Headteacher Thomas Packer at the opening of the West London Free School. Photograph: Getty Images.

Andrew Adonis’s argument in the New Statesman last month that Labour should embrace free schools is selective, outdated and, in part, simply wrong.

In reality, free schools do not have the comprehensive and inclusive intake he claims. The catchment areas of the first 24 free schools tend to favour the better off, and consequently are populated by "middle class suburban people” according to research by the market analysts CACI. All of them take fewer children on free school meals than surrounding schools. At the West London Free School, for example, 23 per cent of pupils are eligible for free lunches, compared with 32 per cent in the five neighboring schools.

This is not an accident – it is inherent in the free schools model. The pattern has also emerged in Sweden, which pioneered free schools, where evidence suggests that free schools increase social segregation because they are, according to the Swedish Education Minister “generally attended by children of better educated and wealthy families making things even more difficult for children attending ordinary schools in poor areas.”

This backdoor selection is sanctioned by the Secretary of State, who says free schools must adhere to the admissions code, but allows "agreed variations", which have only been made public in response to freedom of information requests.

The problem with focusing only on free schools, as Adonis has done, is that schools are not islands. Tony Blair said a school “belonged to itself, for itself.” But schools are part of their community and what happens in one has an impact on children in another. Adonis ignores the enormous impact free schools have on other children, based on a model of surplus places, where good schools flourish and expand while others wither and die. This is great news for children, unless you happen to be stuck in a school with spare places and reduced funding while it is allowed to wither on the grapevine.

Similarly, the amount spent on free schools cannot fail to impact on other children. The amount spent per pupil in the first free schools is well above average, in part because the schools are smaller and because they are running at reduced capacity for the first few years. The West London Free School, for example, received £12,416 per pupil in its first year, compared to an average of £7,064. In addition, the set up costs are huge. The first round of capital funding amounted to £50 million which included £14 million for just one school building. Total capital costs for just the first 24 schools will range from £100-£130 million whilst nearly 100 civil servants are working on the free schools initiative in Whitehall. At a time when other schools are facing a real terms cut to their budgets over the next 3 years this seems shockingly unfair.

Adonis rightfully acknowledges the importance of teachers, as most politicians do, but is anyone actually listening to them? He argues for more centrally driven change, but visit any classroom across the country and teachers will tell you they are sick and tired of central reform.

The international evidence is clear, that autonomy and accountability work. But that points us away from Michael Gove’s free schools model which has taken away local accountability in the form of the local authority and centralised power in the hands of the Secretary of State.

We should be handing more power to teachers, not to Gove, increasing, not reducing local accountability and improving collaboration, not competition for places, so that children – particularly the most disadvantaged - are not left behind.

In practice this would mean teachers having more flexibility to decide what, how and when they teach. They might, for example, choose to teach by ability not year groups, and other forms of innovation that should be possible in any school, regardless of structure. It should be coupled with investment in lifelong learning and serious thinking about what happens to children outside the classroom, which matters above all to the children who most need our help.

Adonis looks to Singapore for lessons, but on a select committee visit to the country this year, ministers told us they were keen to learn from Britain about how to better equip their children for life and for the workforce. Similarly, Finland, which we visited last year, succeeds because of the status, pay and conditions of teachers, yet free schools can use unqualified teachers and are not required to adhere to national pay and conditions agreements. Michael Wilshaw, who Adonis cites as a champion of this model, was critical of the use of unqualified teachers at a recent appearance before the education select committee.

Adonis seems to have bought into Gove’s vision – that introducing competition, taking away "bureaucracy" and pursuing a relentless academic vision allows the brightest young people to do well, regardless of background. Gove ignores - and indeed has removed help for - the enormous practical barriers that exist for those children.

Free schools are part of that vision. To paraphrase Andy Burnham, it’s a vision for some children, and some schools, not all children and all schools. Labour can do better than that.

Lisa Nandy is the Labour MP for Wigan.

Read Toby Young's response: "Free schools are not divisive".

18 comments

Margarettn's picture

Hi my friend! I want to say that this post is awesome, great written and come with approximately all significant infos. I’d like to see extra posts like this .

rain's picture

Why is it that despite the billions spent by Labour on Education Education Education, do so many parents feel so badly left-down by the state education system?

trevormarwood's picture

I am against free schools because they are a grant for the better off a cut in their private school bills.However the way to drive them out is make state schools so good they cannot justify to themselves paying for education,after all money talks with these people.When the NHS improved so well the private health companies started taking big hits,it was only NHS work that kept them afloat.As with education we had many well off parents wanting to move back into the state sector (BEST SCHOOLS GOOD AREAS OF COURSE) when their finances were suffering.Now the Tories have given them an out again to protect not them but the elite schools !
Finally stop charity status for the rich and pay your wack for schooling and every other aspect of your gold plated lifestyles !!!! !!!

Indu Pendent's picture

I went to CRAP Labour flagship comprehensive.

I watched the mindless egalitarian leveling down culture spewed out by biggotted inexperienced left wing incompitents -- failures who could not make into management in industry -- play out their self actualisation on the lives of ordinary people like it was a social experitment where being wrong didnt matter and had not consequence. I saw this Labour culture ruin the life chances of hundreds of kids.

In the UK right now half of adults leave school without GCSE maths and english. Labour spin never told us about this - half of everyone leave school without being educated let alone recieving an adequate education. 100,000s of people every year who cant read and write or do basic maths properly.

A group of the headmasters of the top state schools conducted a secret experiment whereby they they skipped teaching the 2nd year of secondary school kids and moved then to the 3rd year. They found it had virtually no impact on the exam results that would have been sat but on average the kids achieved 2.1 extra GSCE - its a massive huge improvement in educational outcomes at no extra cost to the state. An improvement to the life chances of those kids. But they had to do it in secret from Labour administration because -- well -- letting people who want to get ahead is against the egalitarian rules.

State schools dont treat people equally - talented kids are seen as fodder that can be put into groups of slow kids to help encourage the slow kids. The interests of telented kids are not taken into account fairly. The whole UK educational system is a disaster - it levels down the top third of people (look at the appauling educational outcomes of the top 10% state vs private kids - Labours solution: shut the private schools) and brings down the life chances for most people. As we are seeing with UK people not competing in the world labour market against better educated Chinese who take the jobs. Well done Labour , you have the system you designed.

"Similarly, the amount spent on free schools cannot fail to impact on other children"
i.e. if I dont have then you cant have.

FDR's picture

This article is rank small "c" conservatism. If the Labour party goes down the path of opposing radical change to public services to make them more efficient and responsive to people's needs, well that way lies perpetual opposition. Just ask Scottish Labour who for the last decade have taken such an approach. Oppose all change and propose nothing.

Phil East's picture

In reply to Toby Young:

You quote research by Machin and Vernoit (2011) in support of free schools, this is wrong as Labour's academy programme was very different from the coalition's Free School programme. "The first point to make is that they are different from the Labour academies in that they are not necessarily about combating disadvantage. And unlike the poorly performing schools in deprived areas that converted to academies prior to the 2010 act, these new academies tend to be better-than-average schools."

We do not know the effect of Free Schools as it is just too early to tell. See the piece from Machin himself: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2012/apr/09/labour-academies-researc...

Phil East's picture

In reply to Toby Young:

You quote research by Machin and Vernoit (2011) in support of free schools, this is wrong as Labour's academy programme was very different from the coalition's Free School programme. "The first point to make is that they are different from the Labour academies in that they are not necessarily about combating disadvantage. And unlike the poorly performing schools in deprived areas that converted to academies prior to the 2010 act, these new academies tend to be better-than-average schools."

We do not know the effect of Free Schools as it is just too early to tell. See the piece from Machin himself: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2012/apr/09/labour-academies-researc...

Jaccdd's picture

So Toby Young suggests that one of the purposes of free schools is to " One of the arguments for free schools is that they'll appeal to parents who would otherwise send their children to fee-paying schools, thereby reducing the amount of educational apartheid in England and increasing the number of genuinely comprehensive schools." Surely thisbjust gives these people even more spare money. On thebplus maybe they could use that cash to pay an accountant to help them avoid paying the same amount of tax as the rest of us!

Im all for free schools, in part. I think they have a place. However, i think we need to be very careful they arent just an excuse to provide the middle classes with a statefunded independant school.

richarevans1's picture

It isn't "giving these people spare more spare money", it's giving them the ability to use a service they have already paid for through taxes. It's also putting pressure on failing schools to raise their game or be put out of business, thus ending their ability to sit and take money for a service which is often ruining the opportunities of the very poorest in society.

mcquade's picture

*exists to support his assertion*

mcquade's picture

"But if your main concern is that free schools (and academies) will have a negative impact on the academic performance of children at neighbouring schools, there's no evidence to support that worry and plenty of evidence to suggest it's baseless"

And this is a pile of nonsense. One, free schools have only just opened here so there is actually no evidence at all as to what impact they will have in the entirety of the educations systme and secondly, using the closest possible comparator of city academies, only one piece of in-depth evidence which Young cites, the methodology of which has been seriously called into question, exists to assert his assertion.

mcquade's picture

"Amazingly, the proportion of households in the Hammersmith Broadway ward, where the WLFS is located, where the annual household income is < £16,500 is 23.5%"

Provide a link or we've only got your word for that and given your track record for fiddling figures, I think you should publish

mcquade's picture

And of course Tom Baldwin has never worked in education and knows not the first thing about it.

Rousseau's picture

Free Schools are one of the few genuinely good things this coalition has done. Increased choice in the education sector pleases everyone, except the teachers unions -- and lets be honest, nothing ever pleases them.

admin's picture

Toby Young writes:

I don't know how you're defining "neighbouring schools", but the five closest schools to the West London Free School as the crow flies are Godolphin & Latymer, Ravenscourt Prep, Latymer Upper, Sacred Heart and Flora Gardens. Since the first three of these are independent schools and the proportion of children on FSM at Sacred heart is 7%, I can assure you the average proportion of children on FSM across all five is not 32%.

The proportion on FSM at the WLFS is, in fact, 23.5% – slightly lower than the borough average for state secondary schools, admittedly, but considerably higher than three of the borough's state secondary schools, all of which are maintained schools. But so what? One of the arguments for free schools is that they'll appeal to parents who would otherwise send their children to fee-paying schools, thereby reducing the amount of educational apartheid in England and increasing the number of genuinely comprehensive schools.

The true test, it seems to me, is how reflective the school's intake is of the borough as a whole, not just those people in the borough who currently send their children of secondary school age to state schools. And on that basis, we pass with flying colours. Amazingly, the proportion of households in the Hammersmith Broadway ward, where the WLFS is located, where the annual household income is < £16,500 is 23.5% – exactly the same as the percentage of children at the school on FSM.

In order to make the argument you're making, i.e. that the opening of a new free school has an adverse impact on the neighbouring maintained schools, you'd need to show that the percentage of children on FSM at the neighbouring schools increased as a result of the free school opening (not the same thing as showing that the percentage of children on FSM at the free school in question is below the borough average) *and* that the academic performance of pupils at the neighbouring school suffered as a result. Is there any evidence to support these two assertions? I mean, apart from a single quotation from an unnamed minister in a far away country which has a completely different education system to ours?

The best point of comparison we have, I think, is with Labour's city academies programme – and I note that in the past you've been as opposed to academies as you are to free schools (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5ukf9t5OVM). According to the most exhaustive research study carried out to date into the impact of Labour's city academy programme (Machin and Vernoit, 2011), while it's true that academies tend to attract a more affluent cohort of pupils than neighbouring schools, and this does tend to have a negative impact on the "quality" of pupils at those schools, educational attainment at the neighbouring schools *actually improves* as a result of an academy opening next door. Here's the key passage from pp.43-44: "Table 13 shows that it is possible for neighbouring schools to experience significant improvements in their KS4 performance despite the reduction in the ‘quality’ of their pupil intake. That is, the beneficial performance effects, which stem from increased choice/competition and also from the sharing of the academy school facilities (and expertise) with the wider community (Curtis 2008), seem to outweigh the detrimental effects, which stem from the increased pupil intake quality in academy schools (and the corresponding reduction in the pupil-intake quality in the neighbouring schools) and also from a teacher recruitment policy in academies that targets some of the most talented teachers in their neighbouring schools." (http://cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps//ceedp123.pdf)

Of course, there are other objections to free schools that are ideological and don't purport to be evidence-based – they aren't as locally accountable, for instance, though I'm not sure what redress there is at present for dissatisfied parents in boroughs where there's never any change in control.

But if your main concern is that free schools (and academies) will have a negative impact on the academic performance of children at neighbouring schools, there's no evidence to support that worry and plenty of evidence to suggest it's baseless. If your objective (like mine) is to drive up standards across the piece, Machin and Vernoit's research suggests that "increased choice/competition" is the way to go.

On the cost point, even if we take your most pessimistic estimate, i.e. that the total capital cost of the first 24 free schools is £130m, that's still less than it cost to deliver new schools under the last government. The average cost of building a new school or refurbishing an existing one under the Building Schools for the Future programme was £28m. That compares to an average free school cost of £5.42m according to your own figures.

Finally, you claim that the WLFS receives, on average, £12,416 per pupil. If only! We receive exactly the same per pupil revenue funding as the neighbouring maintained schools, i.e. between £6,500 and £7,000 per pupil.

As a Conservative, I take no pleasure in pointing any of this out because it would clearly be in my party's interest if Labour went into the next general election pledging to dismantle free schools. But I don't think Ed Miliband (or, more likely, Yvette Cooper) is quite that suicidal. All the evidence points to the fact that (a) free schools will reduce educational apartheid; (b) have a positive impact on the academic performance of both their own pupils and the pupils at neighbouring schools; (c) are a more cost effective way of providing much needed additional school places than the method devised by the last government; and (d) cost the taxpayer no more in terms of revenue funding than maintained schools.

richarevans1's picture

"In order to make the argument you're making, i.e. that the opening of a new free school has an adverse impact on the neighbouring maintained schools, you'd need to show that the percentage of children etc"

Very true. But I'd say that it matters not one jot.

What matters is that the quality of education available to ALL children in a borough is at least good, and the easiest way to ensure that is for more good schools to be available to all the children in that borough and for poor quality schools to be improved or closed. Under the present system that isn't happening, hundreds of thousands of pounds are spent getting schools out of special measures but once that is achieved and the funding is turned off the school returns to either failing or bumping along the bottom. And the kids that go to these schools are poor kids.

That is why Labour should back Free schools.

John P Ried's picture

So lisa, I can't fault Adonis argument ,myself

Tom Baldwin's picture

Pathetic. Did the UNIONs pay you to write that tripe!

After the complete and utter failure of EDUCATION, EDUCATION, EDUCATION, we have a lot to repair and the country is embracing Free Schools, just not Labours UNION funded MP's who caused so much damage in our school system!

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