Bhutan's ethnic cleansing

Bill Frelick examines the plight of Bhutan's stateless ethnic Nepalese. Read also Michael Hutt's

Bhutan’s image as an otherworldly and harmonious kingdom was rocked on 20 January by coordinated bomb blasts in the capital, Thimpu, and three other locations. The bombs caused minimal damage but generated political shockwaves at a time when the Himalayan state is struggling to transform itself from an autocratic monarchy into a democracy. The second-round of Bhutan’s first-ever elections, scheduled for 24 March, will test whether its embrace of democracy will include its entire people. The answer may determine whether change ultimately will be ushered into Bhutan by the ballot or the bomb.

Although Bhutanese police initially listed Nepal-based exile groups as their top bombing suspects, their suspicions were based more on their knowledge of historical grievances than forensic evidence. A hitherto unknown group, the United Revolutionary Front of Bhutan, claimed responsibility, saying that Thimpu’s changes were cosmetic and would not benefit all Bhutanese. Though such bombings are never justified, the alarms they sound should not be ignored. This salvo should warn the government to be inclusive in its experiment with democratization. To start, it needs to address a blot on Bhutanese history that remains unresolved.

In the late 1980s Bhutanese elites regarded a growing ethnic Nepali population as a demographic and cultural threat. The government enacted discriminatory citizenship laws directed against ethnic Nepalis, that stripped about one-sixth of the population of their citizenship and paved the way for their expulsion.

After a campaign of harassment that escalated in the early 1990s, Bhutanese security forces began expelling people, first making them sign forms renouncing claims to their homes and homeland. “The army took all the people from their houses,” a young refugee told me. “As we left Bhutan, we were forced to sign the document. They snapped our photos. The man told me to smile, to show my teeth. He wanted to show that I was leaving my country willingly, happily, that I was not forced to leave.”

Today, about 108,000 of these stateless Bhutanese are living in seven refugee camps in Nepal. The Bhutanese authorities have not allowed a single refugee to return. In 2006, the US government, seeing an impasse, offered to resettle 60,000 of the Bhutanese refugees. Processing has been slow to start, and the first refugees are not likely to depart until March.

After 17 years of deadlock, the coincidental synchronization of elections in Bhutan and resettlement of Bhutanese refugees to the United States plays into the fears of some refugees, who believe the US is conspiring with Bhutan to keep ethnic Nepalis from repatriating and asserting their rights. These refugees insist that return to Bhutan is the only acceptable solution and they are increasingly intimidating refugees who want to accept the US offer - through beatings, burning huts, and death threats.

Even if the Bhutanese government were to respect their right to repatriate under international law, its treatment of the ethnic Nepalis who still live in Bhutan suggests that the basic rights of returnees cannot be guaranteed.

A Bhutanese government census in 2005 classified 13 percent of Bhutan’s current population as 'non-nationals', meaning that they are not only ineligible to vote, but are denied a wide range of other rights. An ethnic Nepali non-national living in Bhutan told Human Rights Watch, “they don’t ask me to leave, but they make me so miserable, I will be forced to leave. I have no identification, so I cannot do anything, go anywhere, get a job.”

The militants should not deny their fellow refugees the choice of going to the United States or remaining in Nepal. But a genuine choice between resettlement, integration in Nepal, or return to Bhutan can only happen if Bhutan allows refugees to return and restores their rights. Bhutan should make citizenship available to all people with legitimate claims, including the refugees who can trace their statelessness to the events of the early 1990s.

If Bhutan aspires to be truly democratic, it should choose a path of reconciliation with the disenfranchised ethnic Nepalese inside and outside its borders. If instead it deliberately excludes many of its people, it may strengthen the hand of the militants and discover that simply holding elections will bring neither real democracy nor peace.

49 comments

Chandra's picture

Mr. Bill Frelick has done a wonderful job of bringing out a portion of truth.
It is true that some of the political gangsters have to hold certain level of responsibility in creating refugees. Non-the less the government of Bhutan with the help of military chased a large number of people from Bhutan.
To give you some account if a person is forcibly made to leave Bhutan by the Political Party (BPP. The hooligans believed that they were political party and started raising questions against the government of Bhutan without educating the public…They themselves did not know what their demand was but were involved in all sorts of criminal activities….. Forcibly raised a huge sum of money and used it in the way they liked... who could question them about who is accountable … the ones who did not want to pay were branded spy and were taken to Garganda… a place in India and were murdered brutally) then the other relatives of the person were denied to stay in Bhutan by the government. A lot of force was used by the army to evict the southern Bhutanese. Meetings were held at midnight and people were forced to agree that they would sign voluntary form and leave the country. I could even witness and read the face of people during the time of signing voluntary forms. The forms were voluntary but the people's will was controlled and imposed. Now the relatives of the very person were warned by the government of Bhutan to leave immediately. Does this justify??? In 1990 I was a small boy studying in Paro High School, my parents are illiterate, my father had a large number of cattle and he used to live in the jungle with the cattle, my mother also illiterate used to be too busy looking after household chores and cultivate the land (10 acres of paddy field and 5 acres of dry land). My elder brother was a plumber working at Thimphu. None of us knew what politics was and never cared who wanted what.
Finally, when my brother had come home to see the family, he was called for a midnight meeting called by the then Dzongdag (Chief of District) and the battalion of army stationed at the local primary school where he was forced at gun point to sign the form. We were given an ultimatum of 3 days to leave the country.
What was our mistake????????????????
We did not join the procession called by the notoriously defamed BPP
None of us or our relative had joined the party.
Our census was in form 1 (one)
I was slapped by the army leader Mr. Lepcha (That rotten rascal) He is a real terrorist more than that of BPP.
I had good friendship with the Northerners and Easterners. We never had any sort of animosity.
I and my family did not go against the rules of the country.
I am not a beggar and did not come to Nepal for a plate of rice….. Never… my family had enough of what we wanted because my father, grandfather... Great grandfather had toiled enough for our good future.

I WANT JUSTICE…………….. DID YOU LISTEN????????
I want to return to Bhutan and I want all what I had before.
You cannot say that the camp is infiltrated by impoverished people and not Bhutanese. I know the whole people of my village and my sub division. They are all bona-fide Bhutanese. The government of Bhutan, government of Nepal and the international organizations can form a team, verify the people and give justice to the victims by taking them back to their home instead of just babbling about whether they are Bhutanese or not. We do not want to fill up the country with Non-Bhutanese……

maelstrom101's picture

There were NO forms of screening of ANY kind in the UNHCR camps. That is the crux of the issue. The majority of the 5000 who originally left Bhutan were COERCED by the dissidents of their own ethnicity who left the country. There is no "stuggle" for democracy in Bhutan. They are peacefully transitioning. The bomb blasts that occured a week ago are tainting this monumental and progressive step. Rebels who claim regret for possible loss in life and still plant bombs? This is ridiculous. The ends don't justify the means. One nation, one people is a term often misconstrued by those who are quick to find fault. One people doesn't mean one race. One people means striving towards a nation with people living in harmony; something which has almost come to fruition in Bhutan.

Maya's picture

maelstorm, for your kind information UNHCR was not formed for Bhutanese refugees, they do have established procedure in place. Just by saying that they don't you are making a fool of yourself.

And regarding the recent bomd explosion, it is easy to blame the refugees if anything goes wrong in Bhutan. Didn't the bombs in Samtse and Thimphu explode next to Peoples' Democratic Party offices. What message do you get from that.

bhutanman's picture

if you want to understand the tone of the nepalese people in the 1980s and early 1990s, read this brochure of the Bhutan People's Party. It sure does not sound like the voices of victims. Sounds like the words of trouble causers who got what they deserved!

the tone is arrogant, superior and quite clearly they looked down on the culture of very country they were trying to make home!

http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title=BPP

Tanz's picture

I pity for refugees.
Wel, u know every country has a rule,sometime new rules r created for good of a country.At first new rules ll b awesome if we're not familiar.But with time it'll get used to it.

It so happened in Bhutan in early 90's where our govt made rules where every citizen must wear 'gho & kira' at office,school,market & functions. Before introduction of this rule, ppl used to wear paint & shirt in the school & office. Because of this govt ve enacted this rule to preserve our culture.
So citizen must follow the rules of a country. 'Bhutan is a monarchy country'. But southern ppl acted like democracy, dint follow rule of a country instead revolted. If a citizen goes against a govt he/she should b punished. If these ppl ve abide by rule there wont b a problem called 'refugee'. I'd say these ppl ve created their own destiny by going against a country law.

Again think 'why these ppl ve selected nepal as their refugee place?' There must b strong reasons,i think everybody knows it. Keep guessing if u dont...

kelaya's picture

well bhutan govt stands alone from one side and the refugee is supported by many countries and organisations and had many rounds of talks. still the things is not going well and problem is not solved even after 17 years. why???. i see the commences that only the bhutan govt is blamed for refugee problem. govt representatives have talked many times in napel not in bhutan. if regugees have rights bhutan govt is on wrong side and by any means refugees should be accepted back to bhutan. i don't think bhutan govt have blindly rejected the matter in those big discussions.so do not exaggerate or make wrong comment . i think many of us are wasting precious time in this way right?. there was a system of resettlement for the people in the pass generations and also still we have the trend and will be in future. so why should be blame some one or others. unused or empty land can not be kept like that or keep ready for noglops as they wish. they are not VIP for bhutan. there is no harm being decendent but one should not trun aganst the country where one live. even if the ngalongs are decendent of tibetan ngalongs have never trun against country to establish tibetan tradition and culture. bhutan's traditoin and culture is unique from tibet sarting from way of living, speaking, writing etc. bhutan has many tribes like sharchops, khengpas, bumthabs, mangdibs, kurtobes etc other than southern napeli and ngalongs. the country's law and orders was passed same to all the tribes, but why they act so smart and truned against king , country and govt destroying peace and stablelity. why this people have pecular attitude. not only in bhutan. where ever this people go they will do same and create problem. as a ngalong, though i could not do good to the country, i have never trun against it or created problem.

bhutanman's picture

mr refugee,
the question is not whether the people in the camps are refugees or not or whether they are suffering or not. the question is whether they are bhutanese.

so long as you guys skip over this question, we will never be on the same page.

maelstrom101's picture

This is disheartening. I never stated that the UNHCR was formed just for Bhutan. Doesn't it seem irresponsible to start doling out aid without establishing the authenticity of those receving it?
In adddition the PDP is a REGISTERED party in the country. In fact it is one of the two major parties in Bhutan and is headed by former Minister Lyonpo Sangay. I never attributed the bombings to them. Doing this would be like attributing intelligence to certain emotionally charged outbursts. I will respond to all these illogical claims just like Bhutan: with patience,equanimity and resilience.

kelaya's picture

wangdipema is real ngolop still in bhutan one leg out and one leg in. wangdipema does not mean he is drukpa. he used to be no. one protester against the king, govt and the country in bhutandaily.com forum. not only in japa there are noglops still in bhutan. only those people's helping hands are responsible of recent boom blast. their attitude is not at all upright. if govt catch them and deal them according to law , then it is said discrimination. if govt is protecting its own unique tradition and culture, it is said ethnic cleansing. horn bill's researched solution will further shake the land of thunder dragon. its not so enchanting. those who give supportive comment for mr. bill, does not talk about cause and effect. they try to talk only their positive things and others negetive things. please try to measure both sides negetive and positive. so there lies the truth.

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