South Ossetia: the plaything of Russia - or Georgia?
The region is a political black hole, reports Tim Whewell
By Tim Whewell Published 20 November 2008Entering South Ossetia is like falling into a political black hole. At the top of a twisting, heavily wooded gorge, just below the highest ridge of the Caucasus chain, you leave Russia through a series of checkpoints, steel gates and customs controls. Your passport is stamped, your boots are inspected. And then you arrive - nowhere. When I went through some weeks ago, there was no one to check my papers or welcome me to one of the world's newest independent nations. There was just the yawning black entrance to the 4km-long Roki Tunnel, famous now as the route the Russian army took to invade Georgia during the five-day war in August that sparked the worst crisis in east-west relations for nearly 30 years.
As far as almost the whole of the rest of the world is concerned, South Ossetia is still simply part of Georgia. Its statehood is recognised only by Russia, Nicaragua and Somalia. It is hard to take it seriously as an independent state. Even before the war, it had only 70,000 people - and an economy based principally on smuggling. Now, after the largely forced departure of almost all its ethnic Georgian inhabitants, the population may be closer to 50,000. And half of them live in one small town of mouldering and, since August, shell-blasted apartment blocks - the capital, Tskhinvali.
It is easy to think of those people as mere playthings of Russia, a useful excuse for meddling in the affairs of a state - Georgia - whose president, Mikhail Saakashvili, the Kremlin loathes. Vladimir Putin declared recently he'd like to "hang him by the balls". Over the past few years, Russia has handed out passports to South Ossetians. It helpfully allowed some junior Russian officials to become ministers in the South Ossetian government. It devoted considerable efforts to improving facilities for its 500 peacekeepers in the territory. And in August it claimed - with huge hyperbole - that it was being forced to invade Georgia to stop a "genocide" of Ossetians and rescue the survivors in a town that the Russian media reported had been razed to the ground.
Reach Tskhinvali and you find a place that, for all the gaping holes in walls and roofs, is still largely standing and working. On a first visit, it is hard not to be more shocked by what has happened to the ethnic Georgian villages on the edge of the town. After revenge attacks by Ossetian militias since the war, they are collections of burnt-out shells, some houses apparently even bulldozed by the authorities.
The true extent of Ossetian suffering has been much harder to fathom. Even the territory's main independent human rights group has been surprisingly slow to document civilian deaths during the fighting. The local prosecutor's office puts the number at about 150, while the Russian judicial authorities are investigating about 350 cases.
But what seems increasingly clear from eyewitness testimony and examination of the destruction is that a considerable number of the deaths were caused by Georgia's use, in its initial attack on Tskhinvali, of notoriously inaccurate Grad rockets and of tank shells which, in some cases, were apparently fired directly into residential apartments. Now it is also becoming clear that those western nations that have given such strong diplomatic backing to Georgia since the war probably knew all along about the nature of that assault.
"It was an indiscriminate attack on a civilian town," Ryan Grist, the man who then headed the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe's mission to Georgia, told me recently. Grist - who resigned from the OSCE shortly afterwards - says he relayed back to his organisation reports from monitors in Tskhinvali who saw, on the first night of the Georgian attack, how "40 to 50 shells landed close to their office: nowhere near any target".
Georgia denies ever deliberately targeting civilians - but President Saakashvili himself is now calling for an investigation into all the circumstances of the war, including Georgia's actions. And the conflict has reinforced the determination of France, Germany and some other western European nations to ensure Georgia is not given a green light to join Nato in the foreseeable future.
What's less clear is what anyone outside Russia can now do for the Ossetians. Some in Tskhinvali want to become part of the Russian Federation. Others insist on their independence - supported by large amounts of Russian cash. But no one I met was prepared to consider negotiations with Georgia. This tiny territory, it seems, is likely to remain a dangerously unstable black hole for a long time to come.
Tim Whewell is a correspondent for BBC Newsnight and Radio 4
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32 comments
An insightful opinion. I would add, though, that the fate of South Ossetia largely depends on the world's continued interest to it.
If this tiny nation, which had been attacked by Georgia, received at least a fraction of the financial aid provided swiftly by the world to Georgia, if the world cared about why South Ossetia can't live together with Georgia, maybe then the "black hole" hypotheses would have less chance to materialise.
If, however, the world turns its back on these people, on their historic sufferings from a bigger neighbour, South Ossetians can only turn for help to Russia, and this is effectively what they have done after the previous local war in the 1990s.
The world, or rather the "West" chose to ignore South Ossetia with its problems. OSCE has been on the ground for good 15 years and yet failed to prevent another war. We can now blame Russia or Georgia, but Europe is responsible too.
Assuming this responsibility is what Europe should do. The deep roots of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict should be studied, not just the fact who fired first in August 2008. A fair, impartial, balanced approach needs to be employed, not a pro-NATO-loyal-Georgia-support or anti-NATO-Russia-and-their-friends-bashing.
If we all simply forget about South Ossetia now, history will inevitably spin another spiral again and South Ossetia will be attacked by Georgia for the forth time, to mend the humiliated national pride of Georgian rulers and finally force all the remaining stubborn Ossets to run away, georgionize or die. It's just a matter of time.
Dear Alan
First of all please read Latynina's 200 Tanks Part 5 (it is published two days ago on ej.ru).
regarding your statements about the plight of Ossetian people in Georgia. I do not really know where you got your information from. Maybe from Russian media which is famous of pouring dirt on present Georgian government.
Alan there is no 25 years sentence in Georgia today, there is an Ossetian school near Lagodekhi in Kakheti and Georgian government promotes cultures of all the minorities in the country. This is why one of the strongest support to Saakashvili's election campaign came from Armenians in Akhalkalaki and Azeris in Bolnisi. In Osetian anclave near Tskhinvali led by Sanakoev's government language and culture is (was) promoted and considerably supported financially....
This is truth that Kokoity and his FSB sponsors do not want to know:)))
Georgia is a democratic country and if there were any significant violations international organisations would monitor these facts from their Tbilisi headquarters...
David, I do not have to get my information from Russia or Georgia. I have lived in South Ossetia and the surviving part of my family, which escaped from being killed, still lives there.
FYI - there has been a sentence for 25 years in GSSR. The name of the man who was sentenced for this term was Laliev. He and the other young people protested about the policies aimed against the Ossetian language.
I do believe that the Georgian government wants to demonstrate how it cares about the minorities in Georgia. However, it also demonstrates how it loves Ossetians by shelling their homes. They did it again. Would you trust someone who killed your people?
Alan, quite balanced comment! Just one but: They are not Ossets but Osetins and if South Ossetia will be attacked by Georgia for the forth time we will mention Georgia only in hystorical context,,,
I have read the Latynina’s piece. Contrary to her account, there has been a shelling from the Georgian side on the 9th pf August . My family members died from a Georgian shell on the 9th and I will prove it in international court.
Latynina is very smart, she omits the facts that distort her rosy image of the Georgian government. She doesn't say that the Georgian leaders repeatedly threatened that they would take Tskhinvali with force and that they did prepare for the war with Ossetia. She isolates this war from its historical context, presenting it just as reaction of the Georgian government to a Russian provocation, while it is no secreted that this war is rooting from the cowboy approach of Saakashvili to resolving very serious issues and from those issues themselves. Despite the fact the painful memories of “Georgia for Georgians!” policies of Gamsakhurdia and of Shevarnadze’s bombings and the Zar tragedy haven’t yet faded away, Saakashvili promised that he would bring back Ossetia into Georgia while he is president of Georgia. He wanted to get quick results, so he appointed young hawks to his government and they went aggressive on Ossetia in 2004 (when the tortured body of Sanakoev was presented as a Cossack on Georgian TV). Then, there was the 2006 plan to take over Ossetia, which Okruashvili has described recently. This aggressive style was always there, the non-stop harassment, the deprivation of water and electricity, etc.
All these and other aggressive elements of the policy towards Ossetia are missing in Latynina’s analysis, she pictures Saakashvili as a saint who just unwillingly made some mistakes and that the Kremlin is responsible for everything. No, my friend, the Georgian government is responsible for inflicting pain on Ossetia over long period, just because they always wanted the Ossetian land and restore their humiliated pride.
David, I think this debate is pointless. You love your country, I love mine. I wish you peace.
Actually, in Ossetian language the modern name is
"Irætta" (plural) or "Iron" (sing.). "Osetin" is a Russianized
version of the old Georgian "Osi" (also, "Ovsi"). In
English, I came across both "Ossets" (compare with
"Chechens") and "Ossetians" (compare with "Russians").
In early middle ages they were used to be known as
"Alans". In turn, the Alans descend from Sarmathians,
who had branched out from the Scythians. Now,
Scythians themselves are believed to be part of the Indo-
Iranian proto-civilisation (Arians). The modern "Iron"
actually may be connected with the original name "Arian",
as was the "Alan". So, this nation has been called all
kinds of different names at different times.
The history of Ossetia is actually very interesting, it spans
over 3000 years. The Ossetian (or Ossetic?) language is
also very old. The Ossetians are the only surviving group
that still speaks this ancient language, keeping it alive. If
they are exterminated as ethnos, so will be the old culture
and language.
Is it still difficult to admit that you, the west, were wrong? 'A considerable number of the deaths were caused by Georgia's use, in its initial attack on Tskhinvali, of notoriously inaccurate Grad rockets and tanks shells which in some cases were apparently fired directly into residental apartments' but still Russia is an aggressor and started the war?
Wish you best my friend!!
Just one last comment. i suppose you live in the West now. If so you more or less accept European values and democracy. This is what Georgia is striving for. To escape the Russian sphere of influence where there is no law bu corruption, brute power, olygarchs and no freedom of speech.
I cincerely regret what happpened in the beginning of 90's with atrocities from both sides and if you want please accept my apologies from Georgia's side.
But willingly or unwillingly certain part of Ossetian society is playing to Russian fiddle thus depriving Georgia a chance to escape this swamp and intergrate with progressive world. This is what Saakashvili wants. Maybe he is a romantic Nationalist, impulsive politician and made a mistake by stepping in this Putin's trap.
I really wish you well and if you are in London we can even meet someday....
Mr Whewell, like your westren collegues, you are still stuck in the time warp of post colonial mindset, incapable of looking at facts except through the prism of vested interest. Your job is to be objective, but you have failed your readers miserably.
The west has not suddenly fallen in love with Georgia or its people, it is only interested in the country as a safe and secure route for oil and gas pipeline delivering to European economies. This is the reality beneath all the moralising and ill-concieved retoric. Russia on the otherhand wants a monopoly of oil and gas and the routes and pipelines that carry it.
It is simply a clash of oil and gas interests between the west and Russia. Morals and ethics have no room in international affair, they have been degraded and debased as instruments of spinning of the facts, and Mr. Whewell, that is pricesiley what you are doing. You need to get out of your time warp, the world has changed, even little souls like me can distinguish the facts beneath the web of fiction you are spinning.
I genuinely feel sorry for little Georgia and its people, just like I feel sorry for the suffering of the Palistinians, the two nations suffering from the pilitical game, mere pawns on the political chessboard of post colonial world. Instead of a meveric hothead, poor Gorgia needs a pragmatic head of state capable of playing cat and mouse by balacing the conflicting interest of the west and Russia and keep little Georgia out of harms way.
Mr Ahmad, what about South Ossetia being repeatedly harassed by liitle Georgia for which you feel sorry?