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The conviction of Michael Thompson

Does warning other drivers about speed cameras constitute obstructing a police officer?

One day last July, Michael Thompson was driving in his car in Grimsby. He noticed a mobile speed camera. He also saw that many oncoming cars seemed to be speeding. He flashed those cars to warn them to slow down. It is not known whether any of the cars did slow down but, if so, the road was presumably safer for them reducing their speed and the public interest in drivers staying within the speed limit was achieved. Indeed, he later said that he was trying to warn motorists to prevent them from braking dangerously when they saw the speed trap.

However, Mr Thompson was not thanked by the police for any of this. Instead, according to the Daily Telegraph report, he was pulled over.

What happened next is not clear. It appears Mr Thompson made the mistake of challenging the police's actions. If so, it seems such petulance had a predictable response from officers who are used to exercising coercive power without any question or accountability. The Daily Telegraph report states that he was threatened – ludicrously – with "perverting the course of justice". If this was the case, it would be a good example of a police officer selfishly invoking the law without actually understanding it. And it would not be the first time.

In any case, the officers did not appear to take well to being challenged. The report states that one of the officers then told Mr Thompson: "I was going to let you off with a caution – but I'm not now." If this was said in this circumstance, then it suggests a deplorable and illiberal exercise of discretion by the police officer.

Mr Thompson is reported as stating that the officer was "a Rambo character", acting like "Judge Dredd" in using the law against him unnecessarily. It appears that Mr Thompson is suggesting that the police officer was being arbitrary and self-serving in the exercise of his or her powers. We do not know whether this was actually the case.

Nonetheless, the outcome of this encounter was rather unfortunate for Mr Thompson. He was charged, not with perverting the course of justice, but with wilfully obstructing a police officer in the course of their duties. This is another criminal offence that police officers resort to when they do not get their way. According to Mr Thompson's account, it appears that the charge was made just because he dared to challenge the officers who pulled him over. However, we do not know whether this is what happened: it could just be his word against the police officers'.

But there is perhaps a more fundamental issue in all this, where there does not seem to be any dispute about the facts.

How can warning other motorists to reduce their speed be a criminal offence? The "course of duties" which is being supposedly "obstructed" is not the same as the mere convenience of police officers with their speed trap. Mr Thompson did not disable the speed trap, or stand in front of it. Nothing whatsoever stopped the police officers from detecting any speeding motorists at whom they pointed their mobile speed camera.

It seemed Mr Thompson simply warned others to regulate their future behaviour so as to eliminate their exposure to criminal liability. If this constitutes "wilfully obstructing a police officer in the course of their duties" then it is what thousands of criminal lawyers do every day for their clients. It is what parents do for their children. It is what shopkeepers do with their signs against shoplifting. Indeed, it is what even police officers often do in the communities they serve.

Preventing police officers from seeking to impose as much criminal liability as they possibly can is not the same as "wilfully obstructing a police officer in the course of their duties". Police officers' ability to arrest and charge is not an end in itself, but just one means of serving the wider interests of justice and the public. The criminal justice system does not exist solely for the satisfaction of a police officer wanting to coerce another human being.

In the end, poor Mr Thompson was fined £175 (and ordered to pay £250 costs and a £15 victim surcharge) after a half-day hearing last week at Grimsby Magistrates' Court. The full CPS statement for this seemingly illiberal prosecution is:

It was the Crown Prosecution Service's case that Michael Thompson flashed the lights of his car to warn other drivers of a speed trap ahead. In doing so, he was obstructing a police officer in the execution of their duty, which is a criminal offence contrary to the Police Act 1996, sect 89 (2). The CPS was satisfied that there was sufficient evidence and it was in the public interest to prosecute the defendant with this offence.

After hearing the prosecution's case and Michael Thompson's defence, magistrates at Grimsby Magistrates' Court found the case against him proved. They decided that he knew his action would cause vehicles to slow down and cause other motorists to avoid the speed trap and prosecution. They fined him £175 and ordered him to pay prosecution costs of £250.

The CPS press office also pointed me to the Highway Code, which contains the following:

Flashing headlights. Only flash your headlights to let other road users know that you are there. Do not flash your headlights to convey any other message or intimidate other road users.

However, a breach of the Highway Code is not itself a criminal offence. It can act as evidence of a breach of a substantive motoring offence, such as dangerous driving, but to rely on it in this case seems rather desperate. In fact, a lot about this case as it is reported looks rather desperate. But sadly there is nothing surprising.

And so it does seem Thompson now has a criminal conviction because he encouraged others to stay within the law.

David Allen Green is a lawyer and writer. He is legal correspondent of the New Statesman.

100 comments

ObiterJ's picture

There is considerable legal authority that this is an offence but to obtain a conviction there must be evidence that other vehicles were speeding. See R (DPP) v Glendinning [2005] EWHC 2333 Admin. The case law goes back to (at least) Bastable v Little [1907] 1 KB 59.

Brian's picture

Is anyone involved in any crime prevention initiative running the risk of being prosecuted for obstruction of possible police arrests. Of course I'm not being serious but if the intention was to slow drivers down I am having trouble seeing the benefit to anyone for the prosecution.

C.Scanan's picture

the courts and the police force are making the law up as they go along to their advantage for the revenue of the government ever since the times of the sheriff of Nottingham,tax for this tax for that fine for this and fine for that it is all a tyranny the population never do the Wright thing in the law eyes it is all a big con.

jan frank's picture

Many many years ago, the AA motor bike patrol used to have a nice system for warning motorists about speed traps. They simply did NOT salute the driver of any car with an AA badge. This was done so as to avoid being prosecuted for hindering the police in their work. After all, you can't prosecute somebody for not greeting a member of the club, can you?

Matthew Aldous's picture

Why the hell do the Police have to advise in advance the position of Mobile Camera's, Gatso's etc that are in use? Which you can then subscribe to on your GPS devices etc? Surely they should go to court as well?

Jonathan's picture

Who is the victim in this instance? Who is getting the £15?

Adam Brookes's picture

I agree that this conviction is very questionable. He didn't prevent the police officer from carrying out his/her duty to detect motorists exceeding the speed limit, he just may have prompted other motorists to ensure they were driving in accordance with the speed limit.

If the enforcement of speed limits is for reasons of safety then it seems incredible for the court to find that an action which may prompt a motorists to drive more slowly should be punished. He didn't prevent the police from detecting speeding motorists, only increased the deterrence effect which is obviously a huge part of the motivation for the speed trap.

Thiefree's picture

It would be a mistake to think that the ideal situation is one in which people do not speed. The 'ideal' situation is one in which speed cameras generate the maximum amount of revenue possible. Warning people to slow down works against this perceived greater good.

This seems to my untrained eye like a case of a bad encounter resulting in criminal charges for someone who probably didn't deserve it. Not so uncommon, really. But the deeper issue - that money is more important to the police than safety - should come as a surprise to no-one.

Steve Roberts's picture

Some months later now, but here in Australia the police have protested against poor pay (or whatever) by parking near the most lucrative speed cameras and flashing their lights to warn motorists. Oh, the irony.

Roger E's picture

Erm, isn't that fact that it is a legal necessity for speed cameras to be painted yellow to warn us that they're there exactly the same thing?

Steve Jones's picture

That's a fundamentally broken analogy. What Michael Thompson did was facilitate those already breaking the law from being detected. It's very different to a general warning to motorists to keep to the speed limit. It's the equivalent of posting up details of which properties have hidden burglar alarms and how to avoid detection. Even if most of those who read it are not engaged in law breaking, if the intention is to facilitate those who are from detection, then it's immoral and illegal in my views.

Note, this is not to say all (or any) of the motorists speeding

In any case, from reading the report, he was pulled over by the police and would have just received a caution (presumably in the informal sense) and it was only because he made an issue of it that it went to court.

This is also a long established interpretation of the law - a pensioner who put up a warning sign of a mobile police trap was similarly prosecuted last year.

A couple of general points, I'm not aware of anybody ever being prosecuted for putting up general speed warning notices (please drive carefully through our village, thanks for keeping to the speed limits etc.). To equate what this guy did to those sort of warnings, as you imply, is an insult to the intelligence. This was a Libertarian argument, not a Liberal one. It's tantamount to saying the crime is to be caught, not to commit the act.

nb. the flashing lights issue is, of course, irrelevant as the pensioner case proved.

Steve Jones's picture

@Roger E

You are mistaken. It'snot a legal requirement that speed cameras have to be painted yellow, but it was a decision of the last government that the fine revenue from such cameras could only be used to defray the costs of the devices if they were made visible with warning message.

Tom (iow)'s picture

Bob, Glendinning was acquited, because the court decided the prosecution had to prove that the drivers warned were either exceeding the limit or likely to.

swatantra's picture

I have long come to the conclusion that speed cameras are not conducive to good driving skills at all. And thats long before I got done last month and go fined £60 and 3 pts docked after an unblemished record of 30 years driving.
In my case I had to speed up for 10sec in order not to miss my exit junction off the motorway. No one was in danger. Really annoyed. Drivers know inately when a situation is dangerous or not.
Unreasonale speed restrictions simply make drivers more aprehensive. An aprehensive driver is a bad driver.
A 20 mile speed limit is not natural,its too slow.
Can we not expect other road users to exercise more self responsibility; pedestrians for example should take greater care. nd children should be taught not to do dangerous things in the road.
The way to stop accidents is to impose harsher penalties eg accidents caused by drunken driving etc.
Speed cameras are not the answer. And I accept they are not there to just raise revenue.

ivan's picture

My understanding is that Mr Thompson in practice made another error, either in failing to obtain professional representation, or else in being uninformed as to how to win such a case. The previous time the CPS tried to prosecute someone for this, the case was properly dismissed, and it would have been advantageous to bring this, as well as other good legal arguments, to the attention of the court. I understand there is to be an appeal.

Jimbo's picture

Perhaps he should have made an alternative plea: that he was unaware of the speed trap and was warning speeding motorists that they were going too fast!

This really is ridiculous. It also reminds me of Tommy Cooper:

somebody complimented me on my driving today. They left a note on the windscreen, it said 'Parking Fine.' So that was nice.

These_Boots's picture

I'm sure I read that Mr Thompson's defence of his actions included a statement to the effect that he was aiming to warn motorists in time to prevent the danger to other road users of braking sharply. If as a road user I perceive a hazard to other road users such as debris or indeed deer (have seen muntjac on A1 in Herts) I indeed may alert oncoming traffic by flashing (my headlights - for clarity) or activating my hazard warning lights. By taking responsibility for my own and others safety in this way I thought I was a fine upstanding citizen? :) now I understand I may just be fined.

Andrew D's picture

How is Mr. Thompson's actions substantially different from those of a local council erecting a sign warning of the fixed speed camera ahead?

James Hamilton's picture

@steve jones appears to miss the point entirely. The correct analogy is that if a burglary was about to commence, i.e a burgalar approaches a property and someone shouts "oi, don't do that" and they don't - it isn't an offence. (leave aside the going equipped aspect)

The assertion that you must be compliant with unlawful police direction to avoid further conseqences is incredibly dangerous and a step further down the path to losing policing by consent.

Another excellent analysis by David.

Stephen J Henstridge's picture

If I saw someone drop a banana skin and advised them to pick it up, and this was caught on CCTV, would I be guilty of obstructing a police officer in the execution of their duty?

jan's picture

Am I the only one who thinks that the prosecution of that nice old man is vicious and outrageous? The police officers on the day had the duty of from measuring the speed of vehicles, and to fine any that were above the speed limit. Mike Thompson's actions did not interfere with either the measuring or the fining. Nor did he selectively flash only oncoming motorists who he knew were breaking the law by going much to fast. I think this is a miscarriage of justice, as well as a huge waste of public money! The police, CPS staff and the magistrate involved should be deeply ashamed!

Steve Jones's picture

@James Hamilton

No analogy is perfect, but if the motorists were already speeding, then the burglary had already commenced. That he seems to have said he'd done it to avoid motorists suddenly braking would seem to give the game away.

@These_Boots

If he was "he was aiming to warn motorists in time to prevent the danger to other road users of braking sharply", then wouldn't that rather imply that he knew that some would probably be speeding, or why else would you suddenly brake when confronted by a speed camera? Pretty lame I would say.

David D's picture

Come now! We all know what Mr Thompson was doing and I, amongst many, have often been saved a ticket for getting such a warning. But the clear intention was to stop police catching people breaking the law (if they were in fact speeding). Analogous perhaps to telling a thief running away not to go down a certain road because a policeman was waiting. The silly fool should have taken the caution. Enough police bashing David!

Stephen Moss's picture

Most sat-navs forewarn of speed cameras ahead. I assume this function is legal, in which case it's difficult to see why Mr Thompson's act of forewarning was judged illegal.

Roger's picture

The CPS has a skewed interest of what is in the public interest in deciding which cases go to court:

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2195978/CPS-ignore-CCTV-footag...

Also, look at the crime statistics for the Grimsby area:

http://www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-grimsby.html

It doesn't seem the police are very good at reducing crime there, does it? In fact, the crime rate is shocking. So, I suppose the sort of people they employ as police officers are only capable of picking on easy targets like this poor gentleman. The way they conduct themselves is exactly the same as a school bully except that the person being bullied has to pay their wages for the 'privilege'. We seem to be living in a fascist police state where crimes against decent people go unpunished, the police can break laws with impunity and when someone is deemed to have stood up to the fascists, they are relentlessly pursued, as in this case. No wonder some people call the police 'filth' - they hardly disprove that label here. I hope Mr Thompson's appeal is successful and wish him well.

Lee Lyons's picture

@James Hamilton - I fear you have missed Steve Jones' point. If I saw a clear illegal act taking place when I knew that police officers were planning enforcement activity and I 'tipped off' the people performing that illegal act then my actions would be immoral and illegal. Seems pretty clear top me.

For the record I am not sure that Obstruction is the correct police action - but when faced with someone who came up with a quite fanciful explanation for flashing his lights - who can blame the police not exercising any discretion??

Morgan Nash's picture

@James Hamilton: your analogy is wrong. A motorist who is breaking the speed limit is *already* breaking the law. The motorist is not contemplating breaking it; they are already doing it.

A person who is considering breaking into a house ("leave aside the going-equipped aspect") is *not* at that time breaking the law. The difference is quite clear.

Richard S's picture

@James Hamilton

With respect, @Steve Jones hasn't missed the point, he's just looking at it in a different way to you. And I have to say I agree with him.

You are fundamentally supposing that the motorists were driving below the speed limit - but *might* have increased their speed, were it not for Mr Thompson's intervention. Which is a very commendable worldview, based on the principle of "innocent until proven guilty", and in some cases might even be true.

But let's all put our real-world heads back on. Realistically, for the vast majority of people he flashed, Mr Thompson *either* did nothing (because the driver was carefully observing the speed limit anyway) *or* warned someone who was already breaking the law that they were about to be caught.

In other words, (it is claimed that) he was helping someone who was already breaking the law escape the consequences of their actions. This is just different from persuading someone not to break the law in the first place.

If we have to continue the analogy: it's like me seeing someone vandalizing the house next door, and shouting "I'd run off right now, because I can see a policeman coming". We could argue over whether or not that should be an offence, but it wouldn't make me a fine upstanding citizen.

Simon's picture

On the face of it the case is worrying and illiberal. This kind of abuse could affect any of us if we dared to answer a policeman back with a question.

However it's important to consider that there is a lot of dangerous driving that puts vulnerable road users at risk and needs to be tackled. This has come about in some part because the police could not be bothered to do anything about it. One can understand their frustration when the culture they have contributed to shows its durability when they try to do something.

I have little doubt that the intention of Mr Thompson was to prevent other motorists who were speeding from being caught. He may not really have given it much thought as it's a widely prevalent attitude. However, what is his position then? Is he conspiring to prevent a crime being detected? If so, can or should anything be done about it?

Regarding the victims, often the response is that cars are so well made these days that drivers and passengers are pretty safe. Why not allow good drivers to speed?

The answer is, of course, that bad drivers are often unaware of their shortcomings and that there are other road users than motorists. Ask a horse rider what they think of cars speeding.

morungos's picture

@Lee Lyons, @Steve Jones

But the Department for Transport guidance stated: "26. The primary objective for camera deployment is to reduce deaths and injuries on roads by reducing the level and severity of speeding and red-light running. The aim is to do this by preventing, detecting and enforcing speed and red-light offences, which includes encouraging changed driver behaviour by the use of safety camera activity." (http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/...)

In this case, yes, there was (potentially) obstruction of detection and enforcement, but since the way that was achieved actually furthered the primary objective, and prevented offences from happening or continuing. Driver behaviour was changed. It's not avoiding detection, but stopping committing the offence. The analogy with other crimes is false, because this whole framework is about modifying drivers' speeding behaviour, and this was actually promoted rather than damaged. Only if you consider the primary objective to be enforcement does the analogy hold, and this truly ought not to be the case. So far, I can't see the evidence that this prosecution is in the public interest.

jie4v7i14's picture

The Highway Code instruction above is a bit of an arse, isn't it?

What does anyone do, when late at night, driving down a brighly lit street, and you see a car coming from the opposite direction without lights on? You flash your headlights to try and tell them that they have forgotten to be put their lights on, don't you?

This fella getting done for this is pettiness in the extreme. A warning would have sufficed, if the Officer was that so arsed about it.

Joe D's picture

The purpose of the police operation is to collect evidence of a crime that has been committed. The cameras are the the evidence collecting tools.

If I told a murderer to throw their weapon in a deep lake because the police were on to them, could I later claim that I was merely encouraging the person not to engage in future crimes with the weapon? (Or even, not to "stab suddenly when they see the police?") What if I stood guard outside a bank while my mates went in to rob it, and told them to stop robbing it when I heard the sirens approaching? I'm helping to enable crimes without participating in or, necessarily, benefiting from them myself. This man's actions help to enable the continued dangerous driving of others.

I'm not really sure yet where I stand on this story. It does sound absurd when you first hear it, but this is no doubt partly due to the massive amounts of bollocks that we have been subjected to about driving, speed and speed cameras from the car lobby and tabloids (which reaches the height of absurdity with politicians pandering to them by turnung speed cameras bright yellow). This is the same bollocks that has created the impression that driving is a human right and that dangerous driving is a nice victimless activity. Dangerous driving is exactly like the murder example: people die, and it's a scandal that much of our political and media establishment continue to think that this is acceptable, and that any attempt to stop it is somehow a "war on the motorist". Thanks to the tabloids, most people reading about this case will be in the "victimless speeding" mindset; the police's perspective on their operation thought would have been that its purpose was to prevent them from having to scrape another innocent mashed child off the road, or pick another man's limbs out of a gutter.

Chris's picture

I don't see what he did as wrong, because I don't view speed cameras as a tool to prosecute drivers who break the speed limit, I see them more as a checkpoint to ensure that drivers watch their speed.

In a system where everyone is expected to do the speed limit, but not exceed it using a vehicle that can too easily increase speed, I find speed cameras a menace. I have nothing against red light cameras and I have nothing against signs illuminating when I'm going too fast, but it's time that the government either pushed forward in forcing car manufacturers to create speed limit adjusting cars or switched their view of speed cameras to something more checkpoint-like and purely points-based. Certainly in the city, I've had more dangerous encounters with drivers making poor decisions than I ever have with drivers breaking the speed limit.

This man's actions facilitated no crime and most likely allowed some poor motorist to avoid getting points and a fine for a momentary lapse of concentration on speed.

Reginald-Fah-fah's picture

Chaps!...Speed Cameras don't are not fit for purpose anymore! Cars slow down at the camera's range and speed up afterwards.

I have to say that Speed Cameras should have a wider range to catch the little speeders!

I think they should put the speed cameras on a timer and switch them of at off perk times!

Jhodi's picture

I do see what @stevejones is saying about the analogy of someone already breaking the law by speeding when Mr Thomson flashed them with someone already in the course of a burglary.

The problem here is that this situation is not as clear cut, largely because fixed cameras are so very visible and motorists do have plenty of warning that they are there.

Could you not use the analogy of a burglar alarm or neighbourhood watch sticker on a propert - the potential burglar is contemplating burgling a house, but sees the flashing light warning him/her the property is alarmed and decides to move on elsewhere.

Sciamachy's picture

I wonder why this form just eats my replies?

Peter Scott's picture

On the website www.humbersidesafetycameras.com, there is a link allowing you to download a list of sites where cameras will be located on a particular date. Today, 5th January 2011, they will be located on the main road in Bilton and on the A1033 in Hull.

If the police can publish their locations on a publically available Website, how can this man be found guilty of obstruction for further highlighting the presence of a camera?

Quid custodiet ipsos custodes?

7shaun's picture

jail him!

Benito Aramando's picture

Swatantra, the only speed that is any more “natural” than any other is 0mph, i.e. stationary. If you or any other driver finds it so stressful and distracting to remain within a few mph over 20mph or whatever the current speed limit is, then drive a little more slowly to ensure you don’t accidentally stray into punishable territory – you aren’t obliged to drive at the actual limit, just not above it.

Roger E's picture

@Steve Jones
Whether painting cameras yellow is a legal requirement or not makes no difference to my point. A warning is given. Mr Thompson gave a warning. Is his crime simply that his warning was not state sanctioned?

MrsL's picture

So a motorist flashed other motorists warning of a speed camera. Crime of the century no? The real crime is the attitude of the police - this should never even have made it to court. What a waste of time and money and all to stroke the ego of the boys in blue. Pathetic.

Malcolm Bradbrook's picture

Interesting - where does obstructing a police officer end and crime prevention begin? Afterall, his main mission was to warn other road users to slow down, which would appear to be the message of the police.

Joe D's picture

@swatantra nandanwar
05 January 2011 at 12:59

"Drivers know inately when a situation is dangerous or not."

Yeah, just like they "drive better after I've had a few."

A 20 mile speed limit is not natural,its too slow.

Ahh. It's "not natural". I see. Things that are "not natural" are bad, right. While nice *natural* things, like driving through towns at high speed, are good?

"Can we not expect other road users to exercise more self responsibility; pedestrians for example should take greater care."

Damn those pedestrians, not taking enough care. I bet that woman shouldn't have been wearing such a short skirt, either, should she? She was asking for it, not taking enough care.

"nd children should be taught not to do dangerous things in the road."

You don't have children, do you?

"The way to stop accidents is to impose harsher penalties eg accidents caused by drunken driving etc."

Because drivers deserve a more lenient treatment if they cause an "accident" while fully sober and aware of their actions.

Your comment is a fantastic example of the mess our car-centric planning and media have got us into, where your right to drive through my neighbourhood at speed is considered more important than my right or my neighbours' children's right to live in it.

Martin Langley's picture

Enough of this hand wringing over how evil police officers are! We have known this for centuries! Don't get mad, get even! The Human Rights Act guarantees freedom of expression so challenge this through the courts. No only will it be excruciatingly laborious and embarrassing for the police when they lose, it will also be horrendously expensive for them and probably result in the dismisal of the arsehole officers concerned.

Alex Richards's picture

If Mr Thompson had prevented a fatal accident (say by slowing a motorist down in advance) by his actions, is the conclusion that we (as a society) would prefer inaction when we see wrongdoing or improper behaviour? If he had shouted 'slow down you idiots' instead, would that have been acceptable? It seems to me that Mr Thompsons awareness had been heightened and he passed that awareness on to others....how shameful

The Church Mouse's picture

My question is how Michael Thompson could possibly have known whether drivers on the other carriage-way were speeding or not - he cannot.

He was issueing a blanked warning to all. Surely this is relevant. If he had spotted someone who was definitely speeding and warned them before they got to the trap, then I can see a line of argument that says he is preventing the police from doing their job (although I still think it is a weak one).

Korhomme's picture

Two points:
1) The police in Switzerland set up a speed check on a motorway a few years ago -- before speed cameras were in general use. Oncoming motorists flashed a warning about this. However, there was a second police check farther down their side of the motorway, and flashers were fined for 'illegal use of headlights'.

2) Also in Switzerland, police on the motorways in unmarked cars will 'tailgate' you. If you try to escape by speeding up, they will catch and fine you.

Matt's picture

@steve, this is factually incorrect.

There is nothing showing that just because you are letting people know a cop is there (aka communicating: observe the speed limits! via the flash) is illegal in any form.

baboon's picture

Ridiculous, of course.

Though not new. I remember my brother, a criminal law solicitor, taking me for a drive in his new car when I was about to turn 17, many years ago. Shortly before we reached a bend notorious in the locale for housing mobile speed-gun patrols, we were flashed by an oncoming motorist.

"If you do your driving lessons soon, don't ever do that. It's a pervert charge. Handled a couple lately."

Joe D's picture

@Alex Richards

"If Mr Thompson had prevented a fatal accident (say by slowing a motorist down in advance) by his actions, is the conclusion that we (as a society) would prefer inaction when we see wrongdoing or improper behaviour? If he had shouted 'slow down you idiots' instead, would that have been acceptable? It seems to me that Mr Thompsons awareness had been heightened and he passed that awareness on to others....how shameful"

Very good. And if, by helping dangerous drivers to evade capture by temporarily making them slow down, thus allowing them to go on to reoffend and *cause* a fatal accident?

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