Bouncing bombs and revising revisionism

What motivated those who sought to bust the Dam Busters? Documentary evidence or fashion?

How many history books have you seen emblazoned with the words, "a new history"? A lot, I'll warrant, certainly many more than those which claim to be old histories. In fact, Amazon lists 189,973 history books that feature the words "new" and "history" in their titles, and even accounting for histories of New Zealand and New York, we can assume that many thousands of these books claim to be new interpretations of their subjects.

Of course, the whole point of any history is that it should shed new light, or present new evidence that supports an existing interpretation. History that does neither is little more than the historian's version of churnalism, in which secondary sources are simply digested, their sentences rephrased one notch below copyright infringement, and then chucked onto the shelves in time for Fathers' Day.

There's a lot of this junk history about, and the easiest way to spot it is to look for primary sources in the endnotes. If there are none, then the chances are the book should be left on the shelf. That's not always the case, but it's a pretty good rule of thumb.

The pressure on conscientious historians -- especially those writing for the trade, rather than the academic, sector -- is therefore to be revisionist. It's not enough to say to one's publisher that you have new material that will confirm an existing thesis. Instead, you have to offer something that can be called "a new history". Existing theories must be debunked, subjects turned on their heads, the house totally rebuilt.

All this is understandable, and I make no bones that I do the same thing myself. Next year, I shall publish a book on the Great Escape that will certainly be a "new history", because what I found in the archives tells a very different story to the one we all know from the movie and Paul Brickhill's book.

However, does there come a point in which history is needlessly revised? Is historical revisionism sometimes a product of commercialism and political fashion rather than research?

I think it is. Take the case of the famous Dam Busters raid, which is the subject of an excellent documentary by James Holland to be shown tonight on BBC2. (Declaration: James is a friend, but despite that, he's no idiot. It's a good programme, and no, you don't have to watch it.)

For many years, we have been told that the raid on the dams on the Ruhr and the Eder has been wrongly celebrated, and that despite the ingenuity of the bouncing bombs and the undeniable bravery of the RAF aircrew, the operation was more of a propaganda coup than something that really hurt the German war effort. The dams were quickly rebuilt, industrial output wasn't that badly affected, German morale was not dented - so the argument goes.

Such an analysis was doubtless a reaction to the tub-thumping presentation of the raid, especially that conveyed in the 1955 film, starring Michael Redgrave. For some historians, such as Max Hastings, the raid 'contributed little of substance and a great deal of moral force to the Allied cause at a hard and bitter time'.

This is the fashionably revisionist view, but as you shall see tonight, Holland argues that the Dam Busters revisionists have got it wrong. The raid was in fact a triumph, and did an enormous amount of damage. After studying the German archives, Holland shows that:

...not only were two major dams completely destroyed, so too were seven railway bridges, eighteen road bridges, four water turbine power stations and three steam turbine power stations, while in the Ruhr Valley alone, eleven factories were completely destroyed and a further 114 damaged, many severely. Vast tracts of land had also been devastated by the tidal waves that had thundered up to eighty miles from the dams.

Such damage can hardly be considered "little of substance".

Furthermore, Holland completely skewers the argument that as the dams were quickly rebuilt, the damage was therefore not that great. The whole point of their swift reconstruction "underlines just how important they were to Germany", and the men and material required had to be diverted from elsewhere.

Holland also argues that the destruction of the dams struck a huge psychological blow against the Germans, as these were structures that were venerated as triumphs of the country's might and technical knowhow. In short, the raid was indeed a catastrophe for Nazi Germany, and a triumph for the British.

Holland's analysis will no doubt draw its detractors, perhaps inspired by a politically fashionable thinking that seeks to denigrate just about every British success during the Second World War. Of course, there was much that we got wrong, but we also got many things spectacularly right

What Holland has done is to revise the revisionists, and as a result, put this historical episode back where it started. If he is correct -- and for what it's worth, I think he is -- then we must ask why were we so often told that raid achieved so little.

What motivated those who sought to bust the Dam Busters? Documentary evidence or fashion?

 

24 comments

The Old Man's picture

The motive? Traditional self-deprecation seems to have become national self-denigration. You can find that in many of Max Hasting's works.

swatantra's picture

History is not only bunk but also written by the victors and is just a lot of propoganda all lumped together. So its good to reassess these iconic events every now and then.
Maybe we should also review the 'Heros of Telemark' and 'The Colditz Story' and 'Reach for the Sky' as well.
They may not have had much effect directly on the conduct of The War, but they made cracking good yarns and boosted moral no end.

swatantra's picture

I think England are playing Spain in a 'friendly'. Still some bitter memories of the Civil War and Franco's support for his fellow dictators, linger.
Talking of which I did see the film 'For whom the bell tolls' and I've also read Orwell's experiences in Spain.
I must admit I've not read a single account of a German history of WWII,
since none was, or is, readily available or ppularly promoted, but I have see the film 'Judgement at Nuremberg'. And its true, 'History' is written by the victors. Churchill wrote about 'The First Churchills' 'And a History of England' and 'The Second World War', and the general public believe what he wrote.
I have studied the American and French Revolutions, from both sides, and the Republics that followed after, but not as a undergraduate historian would. And also the Russian Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power, and later Stalin.

Dark Heart of Toryland's picture

It should also be remembered that the raids caused massive loss of civilian life, and would now be considered war crimes - or as acts of terrorism.

Gary Sunbeam's picture

What's this about Franco being a Fascist?....He went for the trappings, and Musso and Hitler supported him. But he didn't invade France in 1940, as Musso did; he didn't go for French North Africa, but let Musso take it; he didn't take Gibraltar, and he didn't invade Portugal when it went Allied. He didn't heavy the Jews, until prompted by the Nazis. He let Allied POWs thru to Gib.
Imagine if the Commies had won their Civil War: with the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, they'd likely have done all of the above. But Hitler woulda had to have taken them in 1941, so Gib woulda Deffo gone Kraut, we'da lost the Med, Turkey woulda gone Axis, Greece woulda gone quicker, the Nazis woulda got Persia, the Caucasus, and Sov U gone belly-up in no time.

697mkzgmxhgh's picture

whoever steward purports to be,

watch out for his name, because if the rest of his writing is as ludicrous as that about the jap-bomb, don't waste your money on him.

The Manhatton project, was the greatest engineering success of history, up to 1945

The financial and physical resources expended, was so great, the Brits, who contributed some input, with their TUBE-ALLOY organization, were only a small fraction of the total -effort

What is certain, is that the japs, no only did not have the intellectual background, nor the sheer physical/engineering ability

to work in that FIRST DIVISION of research,

even the mighty-3rd Reich, went down the wrong research road, with their HEAVY-WATER research.

This TV show, might have had more credibility, if it had shown THE REAL CYLINDRICAL 6TON BOMB, instead of posing with a research bomb, which was part of a program called HIGH-BALL, whose intention was to 'skip-bomb' across the water, german ships, wherever found.

The one shown, was similar to the test bomb, that the mosquito was shown dropping, in SECRET-WAR, intro' Proff R.V.Jones some years ago,

As for the germans, they were fortunate, that the Allies, did NOT treat them, with the same ruthless bestiality, that THEY showed to every population they invaded.

If you want to bleed, bleed for the millions MURDERED IN COLD BLOOD by the Germans,

The Germans started the 'whole-show' in 1914, and the allies closed it down in 1945,

It ill behoves anyone to lament for their self-inflicted fate

Freeman2's picture

swatantra nandanwar - the point I was making was that history is not only written by the victors, as if this is some historical law. I'm glad to see you now accept that.

swatantra's picture

I've always accepted that. And the fact that 'History' is an open book, never definitive, and we should be open and objective and ready for a reinterpretation of events, and to beware of 'junk' or popular history as fed to the general populace, as Walters byline says.
My point is also that alternative views and interpretations are not that readily available, and sometimes deliberately 'censored' by the authorities.

Jess The Dog's picture

Dark Heart: this was at the time the German national infrastructure was being used for genocidal purpose against the Jewish people. This type of warfare was outlawed by 1977 by an amendment to the Geneva Convention.

Bomber Command wouldn't have undertaken the raid if little return had been promised. Albert Speer was impressed by the raids but surprised there were no conventional raids to disrupt reconstruction efforts. Bomb damage assessment flights revealed the shocking extent of flooding. The raid's success led to the development of other munitions which smashed German infrastructure later in the war...in general Ruhr production kept pace with Allied area bombing raids (unlike the precision attack Op Chastise) undoubtedly at some cost to other elements of the German war effort. The loss of German (and other) lives was far less than in later area bombing raids which caused mass casualties and led to "Bomber" Harris being shunned after the war by Churchill and others.

The programme looks very interesting, especially if there has been a trawl through German and British archives. The audacious raid has probably fallen victim to a cultural backlash against its undoubted morale value at the time.

Steve Jones's picture

@Dark Heart of Toryland

I think you need to study something about the context of WWII before coming to the conclusion that such mass civilian deaths would be considered a war crime. It's a trite and simplistic view which bears absolutely no relationship to the context and existential nature of the events at the time.

If you think there was some magical way to conduct a total war type effort without mass civilian killings in the context of a total war and a ruthless enemy, then it's escaped historians. Undoubtedly there were allied activities that resulted in more civilian deaths than can be justified by the military impact. However, it's very easy to make such judgements in retrospect, and even then they may be wrong conclusions.

Phil Boyd's picture

@ swatantra nandanwar

"My point is also that alternative views and interpretations are not that readily available, and sometimes deliberately 'censored' by the authorities."

Such as????

That doesn't happen in the UK, for one place; yes, there may be "official histories" of campaigns that were published....but in the 1940s and 1950s there was a whole plethora of personal memoirs published, literally hundreds if not thousands of them; some famous debates, such as the Big Wing controversey, and Cunningham's actions off Crete, have been *fought out* in the pages of books....

And just so many of those early, close-to-the-events have literally just been forgotten about - but it doesn't mean they weren't there, in print.

What HAS happened that there have been "mileposts" in the HISTORIOGRAPHY, rather than the History; the Thirty Year Rule on confidential papers and files led to a re-examination of many WWII incidents and events when hey were made public at last....and some historians such as Peter Fleming alluded openly to the fact that UNTIL such files were open, his history (of the invasion threat period of 1940) *couldn't* be complete.

And of course that process of re-examination is STILL going on, for some files were locked for longer, and are STILL coming to light now.

But that is a very far cry from censorship!!! You just have to look HARDER for all those alternative opinions, for they're out there.

john woods's picture

Dark Heart of Toryland has a point: there were thousands on civilian casualties, most of em Polish or Russian forced labourers. The RAF bombardment of Germany killed hundreds of thousands of civilians: and I doubt it did much to shorten the war. If anything, just diverted resources from D Day.

One of my relatives was in the RAF in the sixties: attended a lecture by the then retired Bomber Harris. He apparently said: "If the Germans had won I'd be a war criminal. But they didn't, so I'm not."

Ade-oh's picture

A war crime? Not necessarily: it needs to be measured against the test of 'proportionality' according to modern international law. Nazi Germany was slaughtering thousands of slave labourers and Jews daily, so pretty much anything which might end this could be regarded as proportional.

Phil Boyd's picture

@ swatantra nandanwar

WHO opened up the "second front"? Exactly who invaded who in June 1941? ;)

Regarding the poppy debate - it's the British symbol of national remembrance, worn by the English national team in the English national stadium; if England were playing abroad during an equivalent national festival of remembance, England's players would be happy to honour that local commemoration.

Red Shift's picture

If all the POWs who died had been British would they have done it? More than 600?

Briar's picture

And how many people were killed by our heroes and their bouncing bombs? The article doesn't seem to want to say.

smelly bum's picture

Why didn't we use bouncing bombs in irak?

Phil Boyd's picture

"Maybe we should also review the 'Heros of Telemark' and 'The Colditz Story' and 'Reach for the Sky' as well."

We already have done, in several media. Douglas Bader's larger-than-life legend was finally put to rest as far back as John Ray's "Battle Of Britain:New Perspectives", Bader was revealed as a disobedient officer who lied about the early successes of the Duxford "Big Wing", and who probably only missed being courtmartialled because his claims provided ammunition for Sholto Douglas in his ultimaely-successful feud with Hugh Dowding.

Ther German Atom Bomb project was a chimera - by 1943 is was clear to the Allies that Heisenberg had made basic mistakes in the scale of the fissionables required...and the *second* German atomic project under Otto Hahn turned out to be more danerous to those around it than to any ultimate enemy.

As for the damage that CHASTISE created...Bomber Command must have believed it worth the effort....for they went back eighteen months later to try to finish the job at the Sorpe Dam! On October 15th, 1944, BC Lancasters attack the Sorpe Dam with 5-ton Tallboy bombs.

Phil Boyd's picture

@Dark Heart of Toryland and Steve Jones

We should ALSO not judge mid-20th century events by the legal standard of today; the signatories to the Hague Conventions had *failed* in the mid-1930s to pass the Draft Convention on Aerial Bombing, and as for the "laws and customs of war" - custom had had it from as early as the Italians bombing Libyan tribesmen from airships in 1911, through the Germans bombing Greek civilians in Salonika during WWI, to Guernica and Barcelona in the Spanish Civil War...bombing civilians was indeed a "custom" of war.

There HAVE been attempts before now to argue that bombing of civilians broke several of the Hague Rules of Land Warfare....but the "bombardment" clauses of this Convention were drawn up befoe aerial bombardment was possible - and relate to the use of *artillery* only.

@ Smelly Bum...

The technique and the aircraft are long gone - as is the particular types of target; we can do what we need today with today's precision-guided bunkerbusters and ground-penetrating ordnance instead.

Freeman2's picture

swatantra nandanwar writes, 'History is not only bunk but also written by the victors...'

So you've never read anything about the Spanish Civil War written by Anarchists and Communists? Or on the Second World War by Germans? You haven't seen any histories of the American Revolution by British historians? No French historian ever wrote about the Napoleonic Wars? What you say is something even a first year history undergraduate learns is absurd after the first few weeks.

Rod's picture

Much of the motivation behind many of the allied actions of the WW2 seem odd. However after reading a book written by one of Germany's leading cryptographer in '74, before Bletchley Park’s purpose was fully admitted you can see that there was much that was double bluff. The invasion of Crete was known about well before hand. Deliberately the troops on the ground were denied information that could have saved lives. We will never know the full truth behind the motivation of so many actions of WW2 due to the wholesale destruction of most of the files from Bletchley. That destruction was so complete that now like the best secrets that are so big and so obvious we dismiss them.

Phil Boyd's picture

@ Rod

"The invasion of Crete was known about well before hand. Deliberately the troops on the ground were denied information that could have saved lives"

Quite correct, it was - and referred to by Winston as "the best chance to kill enemy paratroops"....and while Crete is always pictured as a defeat - we DID emasculate the Fallshirmjaeger there, to the point that the Germans never dared attempt another massed airborne operation for the rest of the war. And given that we didn't know *100%* that the Germans woudn't attempt to threaten invasion again in 1941 UNTIL the hour they headed East against the Soviets, that death toll caused on Crete was quite a relief for Great Britain.

Over the years more and more has come out about ULTRA and its place in the campaign on Crete - but don't ignore the many analyses of events there carried out BEFORE Bletchley's role was known about; Freyburg was in on the "ULTRA secret"...and couldn't reveal how he got is intelligence - but that doesn't excuse the mistakes made on the ground by Commonwealth officers - the late, weak or plain non-existent counterattacks, the badly concealed positions at Maleme compared to other Commonwealth outposts, Wavell's refusal to send more and decent tanks fron the TIGER convoy to the island, etc. etc.

Colin Sloss's picture

Interesting. I have a book by Jack Steward that claims Japan tested their own atom bomb in the Sea of Korea.

swatantra's picture

The fact is if the Russians hadn't opened up the 2nd front, we'ed probably all be speaking German as the lingua franca these days, millions of Russians died to save the West and their own motherland.
The poppy is not a symbol in every country so FIFA were right in refusing it to be displayed on shirts; I think facist Spain were siding with the Nazi Regime in WWII anyway. But FIFA were magnanimous to allow its appearance on the black armband. And it has tobe remembred that it was Cameron William Cambridge and Beckham that spectacularly failed to get us the World Cup in 8 years time with their poor presentation.

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