Thinking clearly about superinjunctions
Do not be carried away by the current media frenzy.
By David Allen Green Published 09 May 2011 14:31
Yesterday evening there appeared on Twitter an account which purported to disclose the details of various supposed "superinjunctions".
None of the apparent revelations seemed to be in the public interest. Instead, it seemed a depressing publication of personal information, which, whether true or false, was a needless intrusion into the private lives of those involved. One basis of a civilised and liberal society is that information that only concerns the private lives of those involved should remain privy to them, unless there is a public interest to the contrary. Everyone needs a private space, even celebrities and politicians.
At closer look, some of the examples were, in fact, based on quite normal injunctions which had been reported in the media; a couple of examples were based on current rumours and educated guesswork; and a couple were so unlikely that they appeared to be fabricated. Overall, it looked like a hoax account insofar as it claimed to be giving out reliable information on "superinjunctions". The only slightly interesting point was the number of media and legal twitterers who were suddenly looking at the account not really knowing what could -- and should -- be done with these trivial and personal allegations. Such observers were right to be concerned: one false move could well have been a contempt of court or a fresh defamatory publication.
The background to all this is that the word "superinjunction" now has a special and exciting quality. This is strange as, in one important way, "superinjunctions" do not really exist. What the High Court can offer are injunctions: court orders directed at parties so as to prevent certain specified courses of action. A "superinjunction" is just a normal injunction but with strict terms, and it is not an entirely new legal creature. Strict injunctions are as old as the equitable jurisdiction of the High Court.
Not even in colloquial terms is there an agreed description of what is a "superinjunction". The best practical definition is that it is an injunction, the terms of which mean that disclosure to a third party that the injunction even exists would itself be a breach of the injunction. Sometimes such court orders are entirely proper. In the criminal and human rights context, the analogous "Mary Bell" orders prevent disclosure of details which would point to the identity of a former criminal. In the civil context, such strict injunctions are granted in rare cases where the type of legal right being protected -- confidentiality, legal professional privilege, private information -- is such that the right would itself be lost if the existence of the injunction was revealed.
Unless the contention is that the courts should never protect such legal rights -- thus effectively rendering the law protecting confidentiality, legal professional privilege, private information as having no practical effect in certain rare situations -- then there is a role for so-called "superinjunctions", though they should only be granted sparingly and always for good reason.
It should also be noted that "superinjunctions" are exceptional in libel claims, and when one hears a pundit casually conflate the two issues -- for example, the notorious Trafigura superinjunction was not granted in respect of libel -- then it is usually a sign that the pundit does not actually know what he or she is talking about. Similarly, injunctions where the names of one or more of the parties are simply anonymised are not "superinjunctions" as the fact of the injunction is usually public.
So why is there this current frenzy about "superinjunctions"? Why is the tabloid media desperately seeking to discredit "superinjunctions" in theory and, as far as they dare, in practice? The reason is partly that such court orders undermine a certain unattractive approach to reporting celebrity news. It is also partly because court orders actually work. Unlike with "phone-tapping" and data privacy laws, robust editors and their lawyers cannot blithely disregard the risk of the legal consequences of a breach of an injunction.
But one suspects the primary reason why the tabloid media are now so anxious to undermine the whole notion of "superinjunctions" is that the European Court of Human Rights is expected to hand down its decision in the Mosley case later this week.
The issue in this potentially highly significant case is whether the UK should make it a requirement that before the mainstream media can irrecoverably publish private information, they should first notify the individuals concerned. This sensible and fair approach is deeply opposed by the mainstream media, as the alerted individuals may well immediately apply to the High Court for an injunction to protect their right against private and personal information being wrongly publicised. However, if such injunctions can be discredited in the "Court of Public Opinion" then it is less likely that any adverse judgment in the Mosley case will gain traction.
Ultimately, personal privacy is as much a basic human right as freedom of expression. Neither has an inherent priority over the other. The courts rightly do not presume in favour of one or against the other when the two appear to conflict. "Superinjunctions" are granted in individual cases where the rights of the individuals involved appear to the Courts to warrant an interference with free speech. One hopes that they are not granted too lightly and that, if so, there can be reform as to how the Courts approach such applications.
But we must be wary of the tabloid media seeking to entice us into a frenzy or latter day witch-craze against "superinjunctions" being granted at all. The tabloid media had no proper regard for the basic laws protecting human privacy in the phone-hacking scandal, and so one should be sceptical of their protestations now.
David Allen Green is a media lawyer and legal correspondent to the New Statesman
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21 comments
UnCoverer - Thanks! It just confirms my position on this whole thing. These idiots who take out superinjunctions do NOT have a legal right to avoid public embarrassment simply because they are rich and simply because a bunch of judges administering secret justice (or as Mark Stephens points out, secret injustice) agree with their right to avoid embarrassment after indiscretions have been uncovered.
We must all suffer embarrassment after indiscretions. That's what separates us from the lions and antelope on the African savannahs! That the level of embarrassment is commensurate with one's position of popularity in society is only logical and right. If you don't want to be HUGELY embarrassed by your foolishness, then don't be foolish or don't seek fame and glory! I have no problems with deception being exposed and I'm sure the suffering partners of the cheating celebrities don't have a problem with it either.
Everybody is concentrating on injunctions that protect the indiscretions of celebrities!Well these injunctions prevent the media from spreading their disgrace far and wide but do nothing to stop the "man in the street" talking about it to friends and acquaintances in the pub or elsewhere.
Far better concentrate on the injunctions that are put onto mothers whose babies are snatched at birth by social services for "risk of emotional abuse", later to be forcibly adopted by strangers !
These injunctions inevitably forbid all detailed discussion by anyone at all(usually for 18 years!) under threat of imprisonment if names are mentioned in pubs,homes, or even at open meetings in parliament !
It was after such a meeting in Westminster that John Hemming named a woman who had been threatened with prison for attending, and speaking ,and who was unable to name herself ! .Does anyone sriously blame him for that?
What's your take on the so called "Hyperinjunctions" where supposedly the person who is the subject of the injunction isn't even allowed to talk to a lawyer (or their MP) about it? Not such a worry the MPs given the blatant abuse of parliamentary privilege last week by one MP. But surely if you are the subject of an injunction you must be able to speak to a lawyer about it.
"Everyone needs a private space, even celebrities and politicians".
Yes, very true, but if these charlatans are trading on their 'good name' in order to gain endorsements and sponserships then they ought to be exposed for being the sham that they are. If politicians are going to sit there and pontificate, finger point at us and tell us what to do then I'm afraid they must be whiter than white so that they lead by example. Filth and sleaze has no place in their so-called wholesome image.
This article is certainly a lot more measured than Stephen Baxter's opinionated blurt but still doesn't deal with the main issue of the very real potential abuses that superinjunctions can and have sought to muffle.
Private Eye has, to my mind, provided disturbing and real examples of legal gagging. There are a number of cases that have come before the courts which the media have been prevented from revealing and they are far more sinister than merely unmasking extra-curricular activity for the amusement of the masses: (a)The name of a company which sacked a female employee after an executive ended an extramarital affair with her and told bosses that "he would prefer...not to have to see her at all and that one or the other should leave." (b) The effect that a sexual relationship between 2 senior execs at a global business may have had on the running of that business during a period when it got into severe financial difficulties. (c) many more listed in their latest issue.
I agree with the writer's view that the media is guilty of a large measure of immature prurience. But in recognising this, let's not throw the baby of the argument out with the rest of the dirty media bathwater. There is a real danger that superinjunctions will, or indeed, may already have taken on the local free speech equivalence of the European Arrest Warrant - designed with noble aims in mind and now being abused through its widespread application to areas for which it was not intended.
"Ultimately, personal privacy is as much a basic human right as freedom of expression."
which is why it should either be enshrined in the law for everyone. not available only to those who have the ecominc means to request a superinjunction. I think you'll find is this unfairness that riles people
"for example, the notorious Trafigura superinjunction was not granted in respect of libel "
the legal technicalities are irrelevant, it was blatantly against public interest
Such a blithe, contrarian assessment of superinjunctions, injunctions and their respective impact on press freedom. It's the consequences of the proliferation of these injunctions which is of concern.
And just on a journalistic point. If you know so much about the Trafigura case and lots of other people don't, why not devote a line or two to explaining? Or is that too much to ask.
If an injunction hasn't been served on me, how am I to know about it? If I then "publish" details -- say on a blog -- and am discovered, will I be brought before the Courts? Is "ignorance of the injunction" a defence?
I think there's a lot of truth in this, but it misses a couple of points:
-- The so-called 'hyperinjunction'. These are truly worrying, if one is even prohibited from seeking legal counsel that is a serious contravention of your basic rights.
-- The cost of gaining an injunction appears to make this 'privacy for the rich'.
-- The distinction between personal privacy and corporate secrecy is unclear. Surely you are not going to defend the Trafigura injunction?
It seems to me we're conflating 2 different issues here. The moral question about where the line should be drawn in law to dictate what newspapers can or cannot print, and the legal issue of how that line is enforced. Disentangling these two issues is the key to resolving the current ludicrous situation where newspapers are allowed to report one twitter rumour that is false, but none of the true ones – surely the exact opposite of what the law should encourage newspapers to do?
I believe new technology like twitter shows the need to step back from the superinjunction mess, which is just a symptom, and look at the actual problem, which is the conflicting needs of press freedom and personal privacy. Only when we've sorted that out can we resolve the enforcement issue.
What it gets down to - one law for the rich and one law for the poor.
However, that said, we have no objection to Jeremy Clarkson taking out a 'superinjunction' should he ever feel the need to.
The love-life of some individuals should automatically and at any cost be kept under wraps. If necessary, even legal aid should be offered.
Prude
Hugh, perhaps we could get a superhypermegainjunction for Jeremy Clarkson to prevent him talking ever again.
So if I find one of my Tweets was deleted last week when I had an uneducated guess at the subjects of superinjunctions as listed in Private Eye should I a) congratulate myself that I got one right or b) fear the long arm of the law for what was, at best, a good bit of telepathy (and does that count as a Thought Crime?)
Surely the crux of the matter is the point raised repeatedly by Ian Hislop and Private Eye: the scandal isn't about who is sleeping with who, that's a sideshow, it's about the very real possibility (already a reality?) that these gagging orders will be (are being?) used to suppress information about far more substantive and serious (and in the public interest?) misdemeanours.
In the U.S. such privacy rights are limited for those who are public figures. A public figure being, in part, defined in terms of whether or not someone has previously given a press interview or otherwise thrust themselves into the public sphere. This seems like a sensible model for the UK to follow in so far as if someone asks for publicity or agrees to it, they forfeit, at least to some extent, their right to privacy -- can't have it both ways, so to speak. This having been said, news agencies ought to exercise some common decency and not simply report on salacious details of a celebrity's life unless it directly impacts upon their normal role within their professional/celebrity life. But to make such reporting banned as a matter of law via an injunction is an unreasonable breach of freedom of press, too easily abused by rich people who simply want to avoid embarrassment for their PUBLIC conduct e.g. in the course of their job duties or an area that directly impacts on their job duties (i.e. integrity).
Dan - yes that's precisely the crux of the matter.
Another fundamental aspect not addressed here (I don't think) is the matter of whether exposing an extramarital affair is really a breach of a person's right to privacy. Green points out that the granting of injunctions and superinjunctions are valid where revealing the underlying identities of the parties would somehow infringe
well established legal rights of the parties involved. I can accept The "Mary Bell" analogy as being a valid example of a legal right which we would happily defer to the judgement of the legal system for protection thereof. But it is the grouping of a right under the nebulous rubric of 'the right to privacy' that gives rise to the whole furore. What is legally private?
If I, as an ordinary citizen, commit an indiscretion (such as having an extramarital affair) and it becomes more widely known in my street because the other party told 2 friends who told 2 more friends, what legal recourse do I have to prevent the further spread of the FACT of my indiscretion to the entire neighbourhood, my alma mater and my employers? Maybe Mr Green as a lawyer can answer this question but I suspect the answer is - there is nothing I can do to prevent the spread of accurate (there non-libelous) information about my infidelity.
That being the case, I'm pretty sure that a huge percentage of superinjunctions have no real basis as a protection of legal rights to privacy. The Andrew Marr case is a perfect example. There was nothing legally private about his affair. There was no real legal right being protected other than his assumed right not to be publicly embarrassed. And the courts went along with Mr Marr and agreed that he had a right not be publicly embarrased. That is absurd. Thankfully Marr's embarrassment about being a hypocrite won over his embarrassment about his affair and he came clean. In so doing he has proved that there are superinjunctions out there whose sole purpose is to prevent the parties from suffering the humiliation that rightly comes with committing an indescretion. It comes to all of us whether we are celebrities or not. It's bigger for celebrities because they are famous, but hey, what price fame?! As far as I'm concerned, a celebrity having an affair is not news, but if the newspapers decide to make it news, they shouldn't try to hide behind the spurious privacy defence. I can't, so why should they?
When we've grown up as a society and decide to tell newspaper editors that we're not interested in who snogged whom, then the problem will go away. But we're some millenia away from that I imagine.
In case you didn't see the original posts...
http://twitter.com/#%21/InjunctionSuper
@Dan, you don`t mention that this new legislation, if granted, will mean that if the story IS in the public interest then the judge will rule in favour the the newspaper. It protects both sides and is a very sensible idea when you look at it rationally.
Unusually, I disagree with David on this occasion.
There is a legitimate public interest in whom any person has sex with. It is a perfectly proper question to put in courts - when citing adultery in divorce, when seeking an annulment of marriage on the grounds of non-consummation, when examing whether two people constitute partners for benefits purposes to give just thee examples.
Prurient details are not a matter of public interest, but I do not see a general right to privacy in merely identifying one's sexual partners.
If the Marr injunction had stated that it was permissible to state that Andrew Marr had had an affair with (whoever it was) but no other details were permitted, then that would serve the public interest purpose in keeping Marr's actual private life private, without preventing the substantive story being run.
I don't wish to know what positions, or how often, or which hotels, or what they were wearing - I still have details Max Clifford made up about David Mellor stuck in my brain and cannot remove them however much I would like to do so - and moreover, those details do genuinely invade the privacy of the bedroom.
But people's public behaviour is influenced by whom they are having sex with, and it seems entirely reasonable to me that there is a legitimate public interest in knowing that journalist X is having an affair with politician Y because that will affect every interview the one performs of the other.
The other thing I find utterly obnoxious is when some large fraction of the media/legal world all know some fact and the general public are kept in the dark. When the subject of the story is themselves a media person, the story is not being kept from their friends, colleagues and acquaintances, but only from the general public - so the injunction does not protect their privacy in the ordinary course of their affairs, but only in respect of their public reputation.
We already have a law for the protection of the public reputation - the law of defamation - and justification is a defense against such a case; where the allegation is true, justification would be certain to succeed and no defamation tort could be sustained.
It seems to me that you are not entitled to a public reputation as a good family man loyal to your wife if you are having an affair; and if you are working in the media, then a privacy injunction will not prevent your friends, colleagues, wife, children and so forth from finding out, some being the very people that will inevitably have to be notified about the injunction and then the inevitable gossip will soon spread to the rest.
If Kiss-and-tells consisted only of "Model X slept with Footballer Y" rather than "Five-times a night Footballer Y was great in bed, says Model X" or "Footballer Z was a terrible lay, says Model X" then the newspapers would not be able to make so much money from running them (which would serve the public interest of their exploitation of the invasions of privacy) but without setting a precedent in relation to the substance of an allegation.
@Will: it's only a sensible idea if you trust judges to correctly determine what is or what is not in the public interest and therefore suitable for reporting by the press.
Free Speech is Free Speech whatever the situation and wherever you find it !The laws of libel and slander exist to prevent defamation.Nothing however protects parents from neighbours gossip when children confiscated by the State mysteriously disappear. Any attempt to explain what happened and to justify themselves ,and parents are threatened with jail !
I really do not understand how any intelligent person with an ounce of compassion can justify legal gagging of a mother whose child has been taken for example for “not engaging with professionals” or for” risk of emotional abuse !.”Many in this situation have even been told (wrongly)that they cannot discuss the situation with their immediate family !
IMPORTANT !! Article 8 of the human rights act was clearly drafted to protect families from State interference,and it is utterly perverse of judges to interpret it instead as a license to gag parents who have been oppressed by the State !Nowhere else in the EU do judges twist this Article 8 designed to protect the family from “interference from public bodies” into an instrument of persecution and gagging to suppress all protest from parents claiming to be wronged by the State
It is not a question of “rights “for either families or children.The fact is that the judges are trained to study the intention of those who drafted a new law before interpreting it .The intention was to safeguard the family from interference from “public bodies” not to gag any parent that dared to complain about such interference !Certainly not to put the privacy of a newborn baby that could neither speak nor write ,above the right of a mother to speak out and object to her baby’s removal.
As long as there is no infringement of the official secrets act everyone should be free to say what they like when they like , without judges and social workers rushing to protect their own deplorable conduct by legally gagging everyone in sight ! Sticks and stones etc …..Yes,I know racial abuse is disgusting but making it a criminal offence is an absurdity when applied to petty squabbles between persons of different racial origins.Moseley's activities with 5 "ladies" hardly formed part of his family life that needed to be protected by Article 8 !
He could have relied in the press to justify his enjoyment of such activities and even recommend them to others if he chose, instead of rushing to high priced lawyers !
We all have mouths so it makes more sense to answer back than to call for the police or our lawyers !
To return to the more urgent question of gagging aggrieved parents accused of emotional abuse (or risk of it !) whose children have been taken for forced adoption....Nobody died of emotional abuse ,so as a matter of priority the UK “SS” should stop wasting money and time in countless court cases pursuing parents(often in foreign countries) who have never harmed their children and obviously love them judging by their desperate attempts to fight the courts and recover them. .Instead they should give frequent and thorough medical examinations to children at risk of repeated physical harm .That would have saved the lives of Baby p and many others from parents and carers who never have fought in the family courts to recover their children ;They would have run a mile from any court