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From shahs to sanctions – a timeline

Ed Hancox

Published 11 September 2008

21 February 1921
Reza Khan, a military commander, seizes Tehran in a coup d'état, crowning himself shah five years later and establishing the Pahlavi dynasty.
16 September 1941
Reza's son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, is crowned shah following the Anglo-Russian occupation of Iran triggered by Reza's support for Nazi Germany.
1 May 1951
Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq nationalises the oil industry, which had been under British control. Britain imposes an embargo and a blockade. Mossadeq resigns the following year but is reinstated after a popular uprising.
19 August 1953
Mossadeq is overthrown in a coup engineered by the British and the Americans. General Fazlollah Zahedi is installed as prime minister and the shah returns from five days of self-exile.
26 January 1963
The shah launches the White Revolution, a programme of land reform and social and economic modernisation. After Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini criticises the reforms, he is arrested, sparking riots in Tehran.
8 September 1978
Outbreak of strikes and mass demonstrations against the shah's authoritarian rule. Martial law is imposed on 12 cities.
16 January 1979
The shah and his family are forced into exile. Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran on 1 February following 14 years of exile, and the monarchy is abolished on 11 February.
4 November 1979
Islamic militants take 52 Americans hostage at the US embassy in Tehran, demanding the extradition of the shah from the United States. The crisis lasts 444 days.
22 September 1980
Iraq launches a full-scale invasion of Iran, starting the Iran-Iraq War. The conflict lasts until August 1988 and kills an estimated one million Iranians.
7-13 July 1999
More than 1,000 students are arrested after pro-democracy protests in Tehran.
10 October 2003
Shirin Ebadi, a lawyer and human rights campaigner, becomes Iran's first Nobel Peace Prizewinner; appointed the country's first female judge in 1975, she was forced to resign after the 1979 revolution.
24 June 2005
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Tehran's ultra-conservative mayor, triumphs in the presidential elections.
8 August 2005
Iran announces the resumption of uranium conversion at its Isfahan plant but insists the nuclear programme is for peaceful purposes. The IAEA finds it in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
11 April 2006
Iran says it has succeeded in enriching uranium at its Natanz nuclear facility.
24 May 2007
The IAEA says Iran could develop a nuclear weapon in three to eight years.
25 October 2007
The US announces sweeping new sanctions against Iran.
9 July 2008
Iran test-fires the Shahab-3, a long-range missile it says is capable of hitting targets in Israel.

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3 comments from readers

James Dickins
12 September 2008 at 12:31

Ed Hancox fails to mention two crucial recent reports on Iran's nuclear programme.

1. In Dec. 2007, the United States official National Intelligence Estimate concluded that Iran has not been pursuing a nuclear weapons development programme for the past four years.

2. International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA) inspections and reports support the view that Iran is not developing nuclear weapons.

The head fo the IAEA, Mohamed ElBaradeim warned that he would resign as chief of the UN nuclear agency if Iran is attacked by any country.

The available objective evidence, therefore, is that Iran is not building a nuclear weapon. Rather, it seems to be using the nuclear issue as a bargaining chip in its attempts to strike a large-scale deal with the United States (cf. Maziar Bahari in this edition of the NS).

It is vital not to misrepresent the objective position, as this gives moral ammunition to those who would start yet another war in the Middle East. The last war, against Iraq, has killed up to 1.3 million people, and left 5 million people refugess / internally displaced.

For more on the National Intelligence Agency reports and the IAEA view, see:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/04/politics.topstor...

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/06/21/world/main4200022....

15 September 2008 at 07:57

I can't believe that the long-discredited lie about Israel being "wiped off the map" is still being touted as fact. This is a lazy and reckless attempt at journalism.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel#...

andishe.admi
18 September 2008 at 19:18