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Why Willetts is wrong on feminism and social mobility

The countries with the highest levels of social mobility are those with the highest levels of gender equality.

David Willetts's claim that feminism is to blame for the decline in social mobility has caused no shortage of outrage this morning. His thesis is that middle-class women, who otherwise would have been housewives, have snapped up university places and well-paid jobs that could have gone to working-class men.

Tto my eyes, there's a basic empirical problem with his claim. All of the available data on the subject shows that the countries with the highest levels of social mobility are those with the highest levels of gender equality. The 2010 Global Gender Gap Report, which ranks countries according to how well they "divide resources and opportunities amongst male and female populations", puts Iceland, Norway, Finland and Sweden at the top, with Britain lagging behind in 15th place (a fact which suggests, pace Willetts, that the "feminist revolution" has some way to go).

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If we turn our attention to social mobility, a similar pattern emerges. As the graph below from the excellent book The Spirit Level shows, the most socially mobile countries are those feminist utopias, Norway, Finland and Sweden (Iceland wasn't included in this study). What you'll also notice is that the chart shows there is a positive correlation between income equality and social mobility. This is hardly surprising: greater inequalities of outcome make it easier for rich parents to pass on their advantages to their children.

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Thus, Willetts's claim that "feminism trumped egalitarianism" is decidedly shaky. The high standing of Scandinavian women hasn't come at the expense of equality in those societies. In the case of Britain, it would be more accurate to say that Thatcherism trumped egalitarianism. The fact that child poverty tripled under Thatcher (from one in nine children to one in three) did more to depress social mobility than any other policy.

But Willetts, having failed to learn from the mistakes of the last Conservative government, is condemned to repeat them. As the IFS has warned, the government's austerity measures will increase absolute poverty by 900,000 and relative poverty by 800,000.

The coalition's reckless approach means that it is certain to preside over a huge increase in inequality and yet another fall in social mobility.

Tags: David Willetts  social mobility

21 comments

Declan Gaffney's picture

It's right to focus on the empirical evidence for and against Willetts's argument. It's theoretically possible for rising employment for women, especially the mothers in couples who Willetts focuses on, to increase inequality, but whether it does so or not is an empirical question. There's some more international evidence, focussing on the employment of mothers, here http://www.leftfootforward.org/2011/04/feminism-trumps-egalitarianism-on.... I used an OECD example concerning child poverty (negative relationship with mothers' employment) but the relationship with income inequality runs in the same direction. Moreover, in cross-national comparisons, the evidence for the equalising effect of women's employment isn't just driven by the extremes of the U.S. and the Nordic social democracies: excluding these countries from the sample weakens the relationship but it remains strong- which can be read as an empirical counterargument to the criticisms of George's piece here http://heresycorner.blogspot.com/2011/04/david-willetts-upsets-sisterhoo.... Of course none of this is definitive, as there are a host of factors driving both women's employment and inequality, but to date the balance of the evidence doesn't seem to support Willetts's argument. Still he deserves some credit from the left for putting feminism and egalitarianism into the same soundbite (when was the last time a Labour politician dared to link those words?).

Lox's picture

Interestingly, Willetts' argument is based on a premise associated more with the left than the right-that there's a finite amount of work to be done.
Work almost inevitably creates work for other people-someone works in a bank, or a factory, or a school, and their wages and consequent ability to create a market demand support work for other people.

Briar, I don't get why you think aspiration is a bad thing. I think it's almost inevitably good, individually and collectively.

Pat's picture

You don't expect ministers to make statements based on reality do you - it would certainly make a refreshing change...

Nick's picture

Which reality? The reality of statistics? A statistical objective reality I dare say, gathered by who? The objective mind of 'science'? Iceland, Finland and Norway are all better places to live too of course. Oh and which feminism are we speaking about here? So quick to make assumptions and deconstruct one thing, and not another... This article is as stupid as his statement

Petrus's picture

Clearly this is a well thought out study based on hard statistical evidence. This is nicely illustrated by the graph with that famous quantitative scale of low to high.

Nick's picture

Was that an answer?

Nick's picture

Essentially the idea of 'hard' statistical evidence on society is a joke. The social sciences always attempt to usurp the authority of science to propogate thier opinions. Most people will want more than a pretty graph to deny the reality of thier everyday lived experiences. That, after all is democratic.

mcquade's picture

And that's supposed to mean something, is it Nick?

Nick's picture

It means alot more than most are willing to consider.

Oliver Vogel's picture

"The high standing of Scandinavian women hasn't come at the expense of equality in those societies" You must be joking right? I do reside in sweden, it can be a crime to ask someone in a pub for intercourse, the breaking of a condom can lead to rape charges, nine out of every 10 custody battles is given to the mother. Feminism the way it is practiced and promoted is not equalism. "feminism trumped egalitarianism" is something you should ask x male feminists about in sweden, maybe a father organisation, or maybe a male shelter, ops wait there is no male shelters only women shelters, there is no crime except the crime that men afflict on women, oh and lets not mention any female pedofiles, even though sweden just caught 20 of em. It is far from equal here.

DOA's picture

Oh well, at least they did a head count. Kinda difficult for a scientist to do a qualitative head count though isn't it Nick. Isn't it? Nick are you there? I bet you are

Joe's picture

A question of correlation and causation. Socially unprovable and therefore very usable.

Is it not more sensible to admit that we are a long way off understanding the forces behind social mobility. But accept that both it and decreasing gender inequality are admirable aims. Neither inextricably linked (to use a rather painful expression) nor by any means independent from each other.

rufusruff's picture

"lived experience", eh, Nick? Anecdata is no data, mate. What you really mean is "look you wimmin, get back in the kitchen and stop being better than me so I can carry on pretending I'm better than you."

Two words: fat chance.

Lox's picture

I seem to remember reading somewhere that the Netherlands has the highest number of...shit, I can't think of the right terminology....OK, stay at home mothers in Europe. Is this true?

Have to say, though, I think Willetts is floundering here.

Stuart Eels's picture

Oh dear

He also thinks it would be a good thing "if people from Sheffield weren't encouraged to go abroad on holiday," I wonder waht the Deputy Prime Minister thinks about that?

Former intern's picture

Nice post George

Mrs Nobody's picture

I'm a working class woman, I went to university. I had very good jobs until I took 10 years out to be a full time mum now I have crap jobs.

Put that into your thesis.

Simon's picture

This:

"All of the available data on the subject shows that the countries with the highest levels of social mobility are those with the highest levels of gender equality"

Has nothing to to do with the dynamic change in work equality. Generally, a more egalitarian society will have both greater social mobility and greater gender equality, but a society that is becoming more equal does not have to do so evenly.

Willetts' point can be summarized as: "more middle class people became educated and employed, lowering the opportunity for working class people"

The fact that the majority of the increase in middle class education and employment happens to be made up of women is merely a statement of fact. And arguing with facts is pointless.

Rather than get bogged down with the feminism vs. social mobility argument, any worthwhile leftist commentator would do better to look at the reasons _why_ middle class women were more able to take advantage of education than women & men from the working classes, and why this continued under the last 3 terms of government.

Spirit Leveller's picture

What Willetts has highlighted – somewhat uncomfortably for the unreconstructed New Labour and New Statesman-reading inteligensia – is that there are limits to the level of ‘fairness’ that sex equality, race equality, and disability equality legislation can deliver. Yes, it can make the workplace appear superficially ‘representative’ but if, because of a failure to eradicate class inequality, it merely opens up opportunities for middle class women, middle class BME people, and middle class people with disabilities, social mobility will remain low.

Moreover, the data above confuses correlation with causality. The article makes the entirely incorrect assumption that gender equality causes greater egalitarianism, not the other way around.

spiritleveller.wordpress.com

Briar's picture

Neoliberalism trumped egalitarianism. The free (labour) market. Once it became the dogma that aspiration must be encouraged and rewarded, any hope of removing the various gaps infesting society was set back by decades.

Naturally this answer is anathema to all our political parties, but especially the Conservative and Lib Dem parties. So expect lots of similar smoke and mirrors attempting to hide the truth.

Luddite's picture

Under New Labour social mobility for the working-class came to a juddering stop!! most kids can't afford to leave home and struggle along on minimum wage, thats if they can find a job.

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