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How much radiation is dangerous?

Chart of the day.

As I noted earlier, radiation levels at Japan's Fukushima power station have reached 400 millisieverts (mSv) per hour. The chart below (posted by @ gakuranman) helps put this figure into perspective. A typical chest X-ray, for instance, involves exposure of about 0.05 mSv, while a stomach X-ray involves 0.6 mSv. The annual amount of natural radiation is roughly 2 mSv; the current limit for nuclear industry employees is 20 mSv per year.

According to the World Nuclear Association, 100 mSv a year is the lowest level at which any increase in cancer is clearly evident; absorption of more than 500 mSv can depress white blood-cell levels. A single dose of 1,000 mSv causes radiation sickness such as nausea and vomiting; a single dose of 5,000 mSv would kill about half of those receiving it within a month.

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Following the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, those exposed to levels greater than 350 mSv were relocated. In Japan, the government has ordered everyone within 30 kilometres of the danger zone to stay indoors, and has imposed a no-fly zone around the power station. The US navy's 7th Fleet, stationed 100 miles offshore, has retreated after 17 crew members were treated for radiation exposure.

Tags: Japan earthquake  Japan

14 comments

Albert N. Milliron's picture

I think the best way to express exposure levels at the reactor site being 400 msv/h and what exposure levels would look like at certain distances could be compared to a radio station transmitter and a radio receiver. a local Radio station may put out 5000 watts of power but by the time it gets to your radio receiver it may be 1 microvolt a tiny amount of power to get that received signal.

When I worked at a small radio station we had only 400 watts of power. At the station, we had to shield everything in order to keep the radio frequency out so it would not cause feedback in our system. After work, I would drive home, some twenty miles away, and listen to the station slowly fade away until it was gone.

That 400 msv/h at the site will fade more and more and by the time you get a mile away those levels are many times smaller.

I am sure that someone who has a science background will mention that my comparison with radio waves and radiation is incomplete as it deals only with Gamma radiation not particles.

That is correct as particles can travel by the wind and ground water in tact for long distances not based on radio waves but other natural events.

All I can say is I did my best.

kg's picture

nothing to believe when USA is in action.

Senate now found a way to avoid Nuclear Bill. Dodge/Ford continues to drink OIL.

OIL - Biggest Enemy of Mankind and its involvement in this needs to be known.

Captain Sensible's picture

If this is radiation I am a banana!

Phil's picture

The World Nuclear Association's predictions are overly cautious and unable to explain situations in which you have very HIGH levels of natural background radiation, such as in Ramsar, Iran, with no attendant decrease in longevity or increase in cancer rates. In fact, longevity in Ramsar appears to be better than elsewhere.

Right now the media is being very irresponsible in its portrayal of the potential threats of nuclear contamination, likening this to a possible Chernobyl, even though Chernobyl was a different type of reactor entirely and that a meltdown in these reactions (light water reactors) does not cause a violently explosive Chernobyl-style catastrophe. (Credit to your original article for mentioning this, it needs to be reinforced, as networks such as CNN are being absolutely responsible in this respect).

We also forget that Chernobyl killed far less people than is commonly assumed. In fact, the psychological stress has proven to be far more deadly than the actual radiation dosages most people (aside from the plant technicians on-duty at the time) received.

The biggest danger right now is the threat of internal radiation exposure, especially with the reactors constantly exploding and being vented. This, more than anything, caused the majority of damage in Chernobyl when people drank contaminated milk and water, as it does damage to the thyroid. This is the point of handing out iodine tablets--a very good move on the part of the Japanese government.

400 msv is certainly serious--but if you look closely at the reports, they are reading 400 msv NEAR the reactors. Definitely dangerous for those in the vicinity, but saying simply that contamination has been recorded at 400 msv, misportrays this, leading readers to assume that such high levels of contamination are spreading beyond the reactor, which seems unsubstantiated.

Further extending this to the idea that all nuclear reactors and nuclear projects in the developed world should be shut down is just irresponsible. Not only is it wrong to compare nuclear technology today to that used in reactors more than half a century ago, it is explicit misinformation.

Peter's picture

Are these facts correct? I note that the abbreviation for millisieverts is shown three different ways, so maybe the rest is inaccurate too. 17 crew members 100 miles away treated for radiation exposure? Surely this is rubbish.

crabstix's picture

So how many people are actually in the immediate vicinity... few to none. The nearest civillians will be some kilometres away, and as radiation is subject to the inverse-square law which states that a specified physical quantity or strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.
The inverse-square law generally applies when some force, energy, or other conserved quantity is radiated outward radially from a point source. Since the surface area of a sphere (which is 4πr 2) is proportional to the square of the radius, as the emitted radiation gets farther from the source, it must spread out over an area that is proportional to the square of the distance from the source. Hence, the radiation passing through any unit area is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the point source.

So much for 'radiation' per se.

Now to radiactive particles. That is a different matter altogether, and as long as the containment vessels of the reactors remain intact, that should not be such an issue. There will be some dust, gas and debris released from the reactor buildings that might have been iradiated and might have short life radiocative properties but unless the containment is explosively breached or fiercly burnt airborne uranium or other heavy metals should not be a problem in anything other than the local area.

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