Rethinking Islamism I: Turkey -- friend or foe?
Never do we stop to ask precisely what we mean by Islamism.
By Sholto Byrnes Published 06 June 2010 20:39
Turkey has been in the news after nine of its citizens were killed by Israeli armed forces on the Gaza flotilla, and will continue to be so, especially if its prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, sails to Gaza himself, as reports from Lebanon say he will.
It attracts our attention intermittently, this strange state on the edge of Europe about which we can never quite decide: is it a democracy emerging from the shadows of decades of brutal, military-dominated rule, a la Midnight Express, or a faltering beacon of secularism in danger of being snuffed out by resurgent Islam?
We have a sense that it matters, a truth that sage voices remind us of, although not frequently enough. As long ago as 1987 the historian Bernard Lewis was warning, in a paper delivered to a symposium held by the then pope, that "much will depend, for the future attitudes both of the Turks and the other Islamic peoples, on the treatment accorded to [Turkey's] application" for full membership of the EU. (The paper is published for the first time in Lewis's new book, Faith and Power: Religion and Politics in the Middle East.)
That Turkey's application has been stalled for years, partly because of antique fears about Mussulman hordes - the lifting of the Siege of Vienna in 1683 still evidently too recent a memory for amity to flourish - is evidence of the suspicion with which the country is viewed. But the stumbling blocks are not quite what they were. Officially, the line originally was that Turkey had to improve its human rights record; it had to be nicer to its Kurdish minority; and there was the small matter of whether the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in the First World War constituted genocide or not.
That these may seem quite enough to be getting on with is highly convenient for those who do not want Turkey in the EU at any point, whatever progress it makes towards meeting the conditions laid down by Brussels. For the suspicion now is that the country is turning into the "wrong" kind of democracy. Europe never had a problem with the Ataturk-style secularism that Turkey's generals rigidly guarded for so long.
But it failed to make the link between the two, just as Bush and Blair saw no connection between the secularism of Saddam's Iraq and the fact that it was a Baathist regime. In both countries recent free elections have shown that voters are irritatingly fond of religiously-inclined parties which are happy to operate within a democracy, but are less enamoured of the adjective "liberal" that the West assumes should precede it.
It was obvious even before the invasion that Iraq was going to end up exchanging one form of nightmare for a succession of others. Turkey, however, was not expected - not meant - to elect an explicitly religious government that has formed a warm friendship with Hamas and enjoys cordial relations with Hezbollah. Don't they know those are the bad guys?
However often it is qualified, however much the moderation of the ruling AKP is stressed, the insurmountable problem is that the party is Islamist. This has become a very bad word indeed, even before you even think of adding that which frequently partners it, namely "terrorism".
Okay: I understand why. Islamists want to set up a worldwide Islamic state, goes the train of thought - and they'll settle for individual countries while they're waiting for global domination. These states will obviously be theocracies - think Iran! think Saudi Arabia! think Taliban! - in which no one will be allowed to have a drink, women will have to wear burqas all day, beard-measuring will become a profitable mode of employment, and hand chopping will be introduced into the criminal justice code. Or something like that.
Never do we stop to ask precisely what we mean by Islamism. I think that's worth doing anyway, but especially so given that if every Middle Eastern country held free elections - which we want them to do, don't we? - we would almost certainly see rather a lot of Islamist parties doing rather well, thank you.
As this is the first post of what will be a short series on Islamism, I will draw this introduction to a close here but will end with this thought. If we are so fearful of the term Islamism that we do not begin to examine it, cannot see the multiplicity of different forms it might take, and cannot countenance any such ideologically coloured government being a full ally, still less a member of the EU, then we have already discounted as foes several ruling parties - and there will be more - who could conceivably be friends.
It would seem strange, and counter to our own interests, to start that list with Turkey, a fellow member of Nato and a country whose trajectory ought to be a cause for hope, not concern.
Latest tweets
More from New Statesman
- Online writers:
- Steven Baxter
- Rowenna Davis
- David Allen Green
- Mehdi Hasan
- Nelson Jones
- Gavin Kelly
- Helen Lewis
- Laurie Penny
- The V Spot
- Alex Hern
- Martha Gill
- Alan White
- Samira Shackle
- Alex Andreou
- Nicky Woolf in America
- Bim Adewunmi
- Glosswitch
- Kate Mossman on pop
- Ryan Gilbey on Film
- Martin Robbins
- Rafael Behr
- Eleanor Margolis
- Tools and services:
- Polls
- Predictions
- Archive
- Magazine
- PDF edition
- RSS feeds
- Advertising
- Subscribe
- Special supplements
- Stockists



















35 comments
Europe is no longer the exclusive club it once was. EU is debt ridden and economically stagnant, while Turkey enjoys a boom time. Europe is aging, in contrast with youthful Turkey. And Turkey is LARGE. It certainly packs a lot more economic, political and military clout than the tiny nations of central Europe.
The new Sick Man is in denial.
I keep reading about this "slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Iraqis by western powers". I assume this is meant that the USA, UK etc have, directly killed, with their own weapons, hundreds of thousands of individuals?
Can someone please tell me when this happened, as I must have missed it?
Depends........it could be Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia.
Someone obviously got the Pentagon memo.
The Turks refused US troops to pass through prior to the bloody invasion of Iraq and have now denounced the prinicple US allie in the Middle East.........think that has a little more to do with it, challenge 'power' and your deleted from one list and added to another pretty quickly.
According to IBO, Iraq Body Count,April 2010 figures - since 2003 invasion the figures for civilain deaths are between 96,663 and 105, 408 That data comes from cross checked media reports, hospitals, morgues,non governmental office and oficial figures. IBo tell us to allow for a huge number of unreported deaths too.
Other groups have the figures far, far higher with some saying up to a million plus civilian Iraqi deaths.
According to IBC, Iraq Body Count, April 2010 figures - since 2003 invasion the figures for civilian deaths are between 96,663 and 105, 408 That data comes from cross checked media reports, hospitals, morgues,non governmental office and official figures. IBC tell us to allow for a huge number of unreported deaths too.
Other groups have the figures far higher with some saying up to a million plus civilian Iraqi deaths
Crabstix,
You're just pretending to be uninformed, surely? How could you miss the slaughter in Iraq, unless you deliberately choose to as a form of psuedo-naive form of argument, or rhetorical device. One has to be careful when using this technique because one can easily over do it and appear obtuse.
Your assumption is wrong that I was refering only to the Iraqis slaughtered on the battle-field by Western forces in the two wars launched against Iraq. As their conscript army was virtually defenceless, which is obvious if one compares their casuality levels to ours, one arrives at a figure in the region of two to three hundred thousand dead soldiers, this is a conservative figure according to many observers.
Then around, at least, 200,000 dead civilians during the first bombing campaign aimed at Iraqi cities.
Then the long siege and blockade, which directly led to the deaths of between 1 to 1.5 million extra Iraqis, mainly through desease. At least 500,000 children according to the United Nations.
Then the second attack on Iraq and another massive bombing campaign. Proabably 100,000 dead soldiers, a 100,000 civilians.
Then the exess deaths due to the occupation after Iraq's infrastructure had virtually been wiped out, conservatively 100,000 more deaths.
None of these terrible figures are desputed by anyone who looks at the history of modern Iraq over the last couple of decades and its wars with the West. Perhaps I was wrong, given the scale of this... this 'slaughter' to use the word 'slaughter' I think we usually use the term genocide for slaughter on this massive scale, doen't we?
Such an erudite contributor write on, thank you.
Apologies for posting the same comment twice everyone. Writeon's figures are much more in keeping with the reality than those I listed from the IBC.
Lou, Islam is "demonised" because too many of its followers support or condone terrorism. It is "demonised" because it is ever clearer that religion that bases it whole philosophy on the eternal and unchanging rightness of a 7th century book has no place in the modern world.
I called you a useful idiot because that is, in my view, the only way to describe anyone who calls themselves left wing or progressive, who defends intolerant, clerical fascists on the grounds of them not being white, rich(er) or European.
In 1876 14,700 Bulgarians were slaughtered by the Turks;
In 1877 200,000 Armenians were slaughtered by the Turks;
In 1915 1.5m Armenian were slaughtered by the Turks;
In 1922 300,000 Christians were slaughtered by the Turks;
In 2010 100 Christians were slaughtered every year by the Turks;
In 2010 100 Kurds were slaughtered every month by the Turks.
Now, fancy having a Turk, who produces like a rabbit, to be your neighbour?
1. When Daniel Pearl was beheaded on Feb 1, 2001 in Karachi by Khalid Sheikh Mohammad, did you see any protest on the streets of Cairo, Bagdad, Mecca, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur etc?
2. When Kim Sun-il was beheaded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, now in hell, did you see any protest in the streets of Medina, Karachi, Medan etc.?
3. When Paul Johnson was beheaded in June 19, 2004 by Al Qaeda, did you see any Muslim Politicians condemn such wanton, barbaric act in TV?
4. When Kenneth Bigley was beheaded by Zarqawi in Iraq in October 2004, did you see Mubarak, King Fadh, Mahathir condemn such killing?
No, of course not. The Muslims mentality is still stuck in the year 632 AD.
Now the same lunatics even got the gall to talk about our Justice system.
Did the four above and 100 of others receive any justice?
I say - throw him to the crocodiles or to the lions
Rob
You could accept people have differing views without levelling 'useful idiot' at them and without making assumptions on their political leanings or insinuating that their different view is based on prejudices regarding race, creed or culture.
What's the difference between a 'religion that bases it's whole philosophy on the eternal and unchanging rightness of a 7th century book' and a religion that bases it's whole philosophy on the eternal and unchanging rightness of a 1st and 2nd century book - the Bible?
You have a right to express your opinion as do I. People have a right, if they believe, to follow whatever path of religion they choose to. Your views on it's place in the modern world are neither here nor there in the argument. It is here, it's been here a lot longer than you and survived a lot more denigration that you can levy at it.
Very interesting article .I think there is a real danger that Turkey as a state is losing patitence with the EU over its application .However I think the 1683 example is a bit crude though .The real consideration here is having an EU state with a border that fronts so many regimes and issues that the EU which has failed so often to deal with problems in its own backyard would like to avoid at all costs. However I have never viewed the brand of Islam in Turkey as being an issue.
"Never do we stop to ask precisely what we mean by Islamism"?
Speak for yourself.
The journalistic 'we' is devoid of meaning. Journalists are not us.
Oh dear, let me guess: you're going to tell us that these Islamists are actually really cool guys and we all ought to sit down and, like, smoke bongs together?
Listen, the Turks can elect whatever government they choose. Just as we, Europeans, can invite whomever we choose into our club. There is no moral imperative in either case - and let's not pretend otherwise.
ok I don't know if you know this, but the solution to the KUrdish issues that is going on in turkey does not lie in another country, it lies within turkey. All turkey has to do is recognize the Kurds as a minority and the problem with be solved. Don't make more excuses. How hard can this be? Seriuosly there is not much thinking, there is much action though
LOL @ ex-muslim! Should we do the stats for Britain and the US??
Turkey, these days would love to give up some of their vast borders, it is a serious problem to them and if anyone can't see that, then they are a yank internatinal troble maker.
No doubt Turkey would be open for any thoughts, oil(hic!) or not.
Good article, I look forward to more.
I think Islamism has been seriously misrepresented and anything with the word Islam preceding it is seen as being Jihadist, terrorist, extremist and such like.
The religion and culture of Islam has been usurped for political purposes. It's the fault of western Governments on the whole. The Bush Government in particular is responsible for this brandishing of anything Islamic as terrorist and undemocratic, the legacy of that being an, on the whole, disparaging generalisation applied to all things relating to Islam. The media and tabloid press are also complicit in this.
And because it will show the 'wrong' sort of democracy Turkey will become a foe, again - democracy is ok as long as the West likes who you've democratically elected. It's their way or no way.
'Its the fault of western governments on the whole'
Nonsense. Deranged nitwits the world over are able to come to horrendous conclusions with no external interference.
And I think that Islasmism is a political movement like any other - a right wing god bothering faction that goes from the relative moderation to outright bastshit crazy.
The best example would seem to be the republicans in the US and their bible thumping urge to see all laws come from a holy text. They are no different to the Islamists of Turkey in their attitude.
Likewise the mental militia movement and its terrorist supporting madness represents the extreme edge of the spectrum.
If we didn't prop up every kind of dictatorship across the middle east people would not be pushed to the extremists as the only voices against oppression. Ridiculous to hear the the Beeb bleating and handwringing today about negative stereotypes when they push out so much propaganda themselves. Applying for the EU has been a positive process for Turkish democracy. Being in the EU, as for the rest of us, would be quite the reverse.
Neither. Turkey is in it for herself, like the rest of the EU. But Turkey has no place in Europe. It has a far more imortant role to play in stabilising the ME. That is its natural place. It should look East not West. It is a key player and has a strategic role in securing stability in the ME, along with Iran and Iraq.
Neither should Turkey, or Israel, be allowed to compete in Eurovision. They are not European.
Good article. Developments in Turkey are probably as important as the Islamic Revolution in Iran, if not more so.
The Israeli attack on the flotilla, and the killing of so many Turks, is a historic turning-point. Bare a new military coup Turkey is on a clear trajectory, an independent trajectory away from the West, and towards its natural position as a major power in Asia and the Middle East. Europe, Israel and the United States have 'lost' Turkey.
The prospects of an agressively independent Turkey will tip the balance of power in the entire region, and it must be sending shivers up the spines of Western leaders.
'it's the fault of western governments on the whole'
I concede that 'deranged nitwits are able to come to horrendous conclusions with no external interference' And that the Islamic religion has been politicised.
I do think that the misconceptions and stereotypes about islam are fuelled by western governments and the media, - extremist, terrorist and fundamental being the most common bywords used in context with the word Islam. It tells a lie. Islam is actually a very peaceful religion.
When Islam spread widely across the West back at the times of the Crusades, the Christian church and the ruling elite started promoting negative images about Islam then too.
In more recent history, negative associations have been constantly and repetitively applied to Islam. We do not refer to anyone else's religion and culture in such denigrating ways.
"The term Islam as it is used today seems to mean one simple thing, but in fact is part fiction, part ideological label, part minimal designation of a religion called Islam . Today Islam is peculiarly traumatic news in the West. During the past few years the media have covered Islam: they have portrayed it, characterized it, analyzed it, given instant courses on it, and consequently they have made it known . But this coverage is misleadingly full, and a great deal in this energetic coverage is based on far from objective material. In many instances Islam has licensed not only patent inaccuracy, but also expressions of unrestrained ethnocentrism, cultural, and even racial hatred, deep yet paradoxically free-floating hostility"
"For the general public in America and Europe today, Islam is "news" of a particularly unpleasant sort. The media, the government, the geopolitical strategists, and although they are marginal to the culture at large - the academic experts on Islam are all in concert: Islam is a threat to Western civilization. ........What I am saying is that negative images of Islam are very much more prevalent than any others, and that such images correspond, not to what Islam "is"...but to what prominent sectors of a particular society take it to be: Those sectors have the power and the will to propagate that particular image of Islam, and this image therefore becomes more prevalent, more present, than all others"
Edward Said
Why is it that the negative labels, 'Islam' and 'Muslim', seen from a Western perspective, are so important?
Answer? Propaganda; historic, cultural, racial, and military.
Why don't we use the concepts of 'Jewish terrorism' or 'Christian terrorism' with the same automatic ease?
Because inside our Western propaganda framework, both Islam and Muslim mean mad, bad, and dangerous to know.
For millions of people terrorism and Islam mean almost the same thing, which is how it's supposed to be. This linking is not accidental. It's part of an attempt, which is normal in conflicts, to change the enemy from human to non-human so we can slaughter them as we like, because otherwise killing other human beings would be recognised as the barbarity and insanity it really is, so much more easily.
When first one has successfully stamped people with a negative label; homo, witch, slave, black, gypsy, Jew... history shows time and time again that one can treat them close to any way one wants, with impunity.
The irony here is outrageous, because it's actually us who are bar far the biggest terrorists and the absolutely the most bloody, that is if one wants to count the mountains of bodies. For every person killed by a 'Muslim terrorist' we have killed a hundred, probably closer to a thousand in return. Yet because of the propaganda framework, it's us who are under attack, suffering, and the real victims. The world turned on its head.
We are heading for Big Trouble. Israel and the other Western powers have created, seemingly without realizing it, a incredibly powerful symbolic issue in the wider Arab and Muslim world. The Israeli siege of Gaza.
The significance of Turkey choosing to defy both Israel and the West on this issue cannot be overestimated. I think it's an historic tipping-point.
Iran too is now intimating that they also want to take part in breaking the slow and inhuman stragulation of an entire people in Gaza. This barbaric siege, which the West has done nothing to lift, has handed the moral highground to those states and groups that reject 'compromise' and 'surrender' towards Israel and Western interests.
Finally the Arabs and Muslims have a real cause they can all unite behind, giving aide to Gaza. It is rapidly turning into a trial of strength which could easily spin out of control leading to a new war. Perhaps that's what Israel wants?
But, if our leaders were smart, they would break the siege of Gaza now, before it's too late and this cause ignites and unites, the entire Muslim world. And of course that's what we've been trying to avoid for decades; dividing, conquering, and controlling.
"I do think that the misconceptions and stereotypes about islam are fuelled by western governments and the media, - extremist, terrorist and fundamental being the most common bywords used in context with the word Islam. It tells a lie. Islam is actually a very peaceful religion."
Lou, you seem to fit the bill as a "useful idiot". Can you please tell me what other peaceful religions kill people, or try to, for drwing pictures of their deity, stone adulterers, or behead them, consider woment as chattels and claim that their religion inpired them to blow people up on the Tube/commuter train/nightclub (delete as appropriate) because of such awful practices as the free mising of sexes, drinking, dancing or democracy? Poor little Islamists, the PR is not fair...
I'm afraid Islam has a bit of a poor reputation in the modern world because views like these are a tad dated, and belong to the fourteenth century.
Islam "is" pretty barbaric, and unacceptable to anyone who believes in equality and progress.
When I was at school - grammar school - I remember studying the Crimean War. Turkey was described by the British Government at that time as "the sick man of Europe" Whats this about Turkey not being in Europe? In the 19th Century someone clearly though they were.
I choose not to condemn anyone for the religious path they choose to follow.
I agree with your points about human rights and abuses, application of law etc but that's an argument separate to my point about the demonisation of the word Islam and the negative view that people have of Islamism.
The Crusaders by the way,under the banner of Christianity killed many, many Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem and Palestine. There's one example of other peaceful religions killing people in the name of their religion. There are others.
Re your 'useful idiot' - challenge me by all means on the content of my comments but don't make condescending comments just because I disagree with your view.
If we are going to play the grotesque game, 'whose mountain of corpses is the highest' one had better be damn sure one knows what one is talking about when one attacks another relgion, culture, people, and labels them barbaric and bloodthirsty.
If one examines the Western policy of war, siege, more war, and finally invasion and occupation, in relation to Iraq over the last couple of decades, one can't help but conclude, in one is honest and objective, that we, in the peace-loving democracies, have rained down death, desease, destruction, and slaughter on Iraq on a truly Biblical scale. A scale, that under other circumstances we wouldn't hesitate to label genocide of an entire people.
The numbers involved are so huge one can't help thinking about Nazi Germany and why the German's allowed the regime to survive for so long. Well, I suppose they had the excuse that they were living under a vile and bloody dictatorship, otherwise it would have been impossible. But what is our excuse? We, after all, are supposed to be living in democracies? How can democracies be responsible for the deaths of between three to four million people in Iraq through needless wars and barbaric siege?
We then move closer to the unpleasant conclusion, if democracies cannot commit mass murder on the scale of a totalitarian dictatorship; I mean when one's dealing in millions who is counting, the actual numbers loose significance after a while don't they? Then we have to conclude that we don't actually live in functioning, liberal democracies anymore, but rather in a new style of totalitarian, liberal, dictatorship.
Well said write on. Great post you've just made about Cohen & the wider issue too.
The expansion of Islam around the time of the crusades? What about the invasion by the sword, forced conversion, destruction of cultures (to the point they consider themselves arabs) that happened long before the crusades? The crusades were a dark chapter in European civilisation but were essentially a defensive spasmodic fight for survival against the culture that started the whole concept of holy war. A concept that did not exist in European minds before the Islamic attacks on Arabia, the middle east, Africa and Europe. Most Muslims are, like all people, peace loving, family orientated, generous and good. However, their creed sanctions (from God, no less) the death of apostates, homosexuals, non-believers and anyone who stands in the way of Islam.
Lou,
Thank you.
It's the oldest rhetorical trick in the book, attack the man, not the message, call him names and give him a negative label, so one can avoid dealing with what he's written.
Then one can always use stock phrases that imply that one doesn't know what one is talking about, like, 'get a grip' 'don't be silly' 'useful idiot'...
Muslims aren't any more violent than we are, one can actually argue that they are less violent. The slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Iraqis by the Western powers is hardly an advertisment for how 'peace-loving' we are is it?
Then there's the issue of terrorism. Muslims are not supporters of terrorism in any special degree, can we say the same the same thing? Obama, close to a paragon of Western values, almost a saint of peace, has ordered the mass-slaughter of literally hundreds of innocent civilians in the border regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan in drone terrorism, in order to kill a mere handful of 'bad men', doesn't that count on the scales? Or don't the killing of Muslim civilians in our acts of terror count? If not, why not? Or is it far more simple? Western terrorism 'good', eastern terrorism 'bad'?
SteveM 7th June 16.27
Yes it was right to call Turkey in the 19thc "the sick man of Europe" as it had conquered so much of it the whole of the Balkans Bulgaria and Greece until 1832, Romania, and Hungary up to the Austrian border.
It was not "peaceful Islam" surely an oxymoron but all conquering Islam true to its nature since bursting out of Arabia to destroy many nations and convert them either forceably or by stealth to their creed.
I urge anyone reading this to check out the Cairo Declaration of Islamic Human Rights,Islam answer to UN declaration of human rights.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam