Does religion cause terrorism?
A new survey of suicide bombers suggests not
By Mehdi Hasan Published 14 September 2009 18:39Via Lebanon's Daily Star newspaper:
Between 1981 and 2006, 1,200 suicide attacks made up 4 per cent of all terrorist attacks in the world and killed 14,599 people, representing 32 per cent of all terrorism-related deaths. The question is, why?
At last, now we have some tangible data to begin addressing the question. The Suicide Terrorism Database at Flinders University in Australia, the most comprehensive compendium of such information in the world, holds details on suicide bombings in Iraq, Palestine-Israel, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, which together accounted for 90 per cent of all suicide attacks between 1981 and 2006. Analysis of the information contained therein yields some interesting clues: It is politics more than religious fanaticism that has led terrorists to blow themselves up.
The evidence from the database largely discredits the common wisdom that the personality of suicide bombers and their religion are the principal cause of their actions. It shows that though religion can play a vital role in the recruitment and motivation of potential future suicide bombers, their real driving force is a cocktail of motivations including politics, humiliation, revenge, retaliation and altruism. The configuration of these motivations is related to the specific circumstances of the political conflict behind the rise of suicide attacks in different countries.
On October 4 2003, the 29-year-old Palestinian lawyer Hanadi Jaradat exploded her suicide belt in the Maxim restaurant in Haifa, killing 20 people and wounding many more. According to her family, her suicide mission was in revenge for the killing of her brother and her fiancé by the Israeli security forces, and in revenge for all the crimes Israel had perpetrated in the occupied West Bank by killing Palestinians and expropriating their lands. The main motive for many suicide bombings in Israel is revenge for acts committed by the Israelis.
In September 2007 when American forces raided an Iraqi insurgent camp in the desert town of Singar near the Syrian border, they discovered biographies of more than 700 foreign fighters. The Americans were surprised to find that 137 of them were Libyans and that 52 of these were from the small Libyan town of Darnah. The reason why so many of Darnah's young men had gone to Iraq for suicide missions was not the global-jihadist ideology, but an explosive mix of desperation, pride, anger, a sense of powerlessness, a local tradition of resistance and religious fervor. A similar mix of factors is now motivating young Pashtuns to volunteer for suicide missions in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Read the full piece here.
And, for further evidence, check out this 2005 New York Times op-ed piece by Professor Robert Pape, author of Dying to Win: the Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism.
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47 comments
Religion is bullshit. And bullshit always causes problems.
How can anyone believed that millions of people believing in complete bullshit is not going to cause massive problems?
Religious people are merely bullshitting themselves with fantasies about god, prophets, angels, devils etc. It's time they grew up and joined the real world.
Most Taliban warriors are very sexually frustrated. In common with most Muslim men, they are unable to have what we in the West would regard as normal sexual relationships with women, until they can afford to get married.
There is no such thing as the normal dating relationships that most adolescents experience in the West. Neither are there alternative means of satisfying these desires. There is no prostitution or homosexuality permitted in such communities.
A man must serve his time as a warrior with such temptations such as alcohol and women forbidden to him. Marriage is a far off option as he has little likelihood of being able to earn enough money to marry until he is in his thirties or much older.
So thus it becomes quite clear why Afghanistan has always defeated the West and Russia in war. As they will again. A fighting force who faces death willingly, and a keen desire to experience the delights of rivers of wine, ample food, and the sexual delights of 74 virgins for all eternity, is almost invincible. Such a belief is a very powerful motivator for ensuring a constant supply of willing recruits, who face death with equanimity.
Even those who learn from Inmans in Europe have been taught by men who absorbed such beliefs in Muslim countries, and are fanatical for passing on such ideas. No wonder most families of suicide bombers rejoice in the martyrdom of their beloved sons.
If at first the idea is not absurd then there is no hope for it. Albert Einstein
Jeeez. What are we to do?
Here is Slazoj Zizek on Abu Ghraib:
The contrast between what happened latterly at Abu Ghraib and the 'standard' way prisoners were tortured during Saddam's regime is striking. Instead of the direct, brutal infliction of pain, the US soldiers focused on psychological humiliation. And instead of the secrecy practiced by Saddam, the US soldiers recorded the humiliation they inflicted, even including their own faces smiling stupidly as they posed behind the twisted naked bodies of the prisoners. When I first saw the notorious photograph of a prisoner wearing a black hood, electric wires attached to his limbs as he stood on a box in a ridiculous theatrical pose, my reaction was that this must be a piece of performance art. The positions and costumes of the prisoners suggest a theatrical staging, a tableau vivant, which cannot but call to mind the 'theatre of cruelty', Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs, scenes from David Lynch movies.
This brings us to the crux of the matter. Anyone acquainted with the US way of life will have recognised in the photographs the obscene underside of US popular culture. You can find similar photographs in the US press whenever an initiation rite goes wrong in an army unit or on a high school campus and soldiers or students die or get injured in the course of performing a stunt, assuming a humiliating pose or undergoing sexual humiliation.
This, then, was not simply a case of American arrogance towards a Third World people. The Iraqi prisoners were effectively being initiated into American culture: they were getting a taste of the obscenity that counterpoints the public values of personal dignity, democracy and freedom.
What with sexually frustrated warriors keen on a little immolation on one side and pathological sexual perversions based on male impotence and machismo on the American side [that seems to manifest itself in everything from mindless vandalism to laying waste to whole cities] we are, in the words of a well known twentieth century bard, well and truly f**cked.
I'd say one reason Church of Dawkins members such as "Dave" and their patron Saints Maher and Hitchens get so upset at issues raised in articles like these is that it places some (or even most) of the blame on their precious Materialism and its consequences.
Yes, the bombers make their own decisions, but the world today has not been shaped by Islam (let's not get into the influence of Judeo-Christianity or Atheism for the sake of the site's server.) The world many of these bombers are reacting to is the world of Empire, which anyone that's spent five seconds in Washington or London knows is as Godless as it gets. It doesn't take a theoretical mathematician to trace a similar route between the actions of a hopeless ambulance driver in Gaza (the first female bomber, supposedly) and the increasing number of men in America "snapping" and killing their families before offing themselves; and the analogy still sticks even if they don't take their own life because, let's face it, saying "screw it, I have nothing to lose and it's time to share the pain" can just as easily end in a Michigan McDonalds massacre as in a pile of body parts in Tel Aviv.
When you try to turn the world into a secular Milton Friedman wet dream and dislocate/disenfranchise/dismember a large number of already struggling people in the process, you can't expect them to think about a future they don't have. Then again, most of the Atheist Fundamentalists I see polluting the internet and book stores with their tired teen angst writ large will never understand that mentality.
Kedar Joshi - Indian philosopher - has written in his article - The Satanic Verses of Bhagavad-gita - that the message of Gita - the popular Hindu scripture - is inherently satanic, and Gita is Hindu terrorism. See these links: http://works.bepress.com/kedar_joshi/26/ & http://www.dailygotham.com/mole333/blog/quotgoingmuslimquot
Religion does cause terrorism!
I think Mehdi Hassan has not seen a documentary in which the journalist asked a ten years old student in a MADRASA as what is his greatest wish is. Mr. Mehdi the reply was to "kill all the Hindus".
I like James' (2nd comment) quote from Selassie:
"Until the philosophy which hold one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned - everywhere is war".
Could anyone now show me a Religion which does NOT claim that its adherents are somehow superior to everyone else?
The most reprehensible religions forbid their adherents from mixing with/marrying non-adherents, and claim that their adherents are 'God's Chosen People'.
This is a bit like claiming the title of 'Master Race' for members of one's own ethnicity - except that actually it's even worse, because it claims that such a decision/judgement has been made/decreed by 'God'.
If 'God' has decreed that your own little in-group is inherently superior to all the 'Others', how can you object to maltreating/exterminating those 'Others'?
You'd actually be deliberately going against the 'Sacred Word' of the 'Supreme Being', the one who is going to judge all the deeds of your life!
The inexcusable religions are those whose 'Holy' books claim that the 'Supreme Being', the 'Maker of the Universe' has specifically set aside a 'homeland' for their own members, and specifically ordered the 'ethnic cleansing' of the 'Others' who previously inhabited it; the ones that order their followers that non-adherents of the Faith and apostates (especially them) are to be shunned/persecuted/killed; the ones that order their adherents to convert/kill all non-adherents.
I think that it's clear to everyone which three Religions I am thinking of in particular, but the initial point is true of *all* religions.
Psychologically, the step from believing that your own group is somehow 'superior' to all 'Other' people, from *regarding* all 'Other' people as 'inferior', to actually *treating* all 'Other' people as 'inferior' beings is a very, very small one.
"Psychologically, the step from believing that your own group is somehow 'superior' to all 'Other' people, from *regarding* all 'Other' people as 'inferior', to actually *treating* all 'Other' people as 'inferior' beings is a very, very small one"
This is not only true to religions or religious groups, but also to dogmatic policy, dogmatic ideas in general. Personally as non-believer and non-dogma activist I personally think that Wilhelm Reich has still some more to tell us about the mal-character of man than any other politician or religious dope-head ever had disclosed any better...
http://www.listenlittleman.com/
You never get closer to whats wrong in man.. and the study that lead to this, through observations of brown and red Fascism, and their characters..
http://www.whale.to/b/reich.pdf
I always wondered if John Lennon made "imagine" based on Reich's books.
Instead of rehashing everything I've said already regarding this topic, I thought I'd simply provide the link to my blog which discusses this very question...
http://tinyurl.com/ycznldz
Does religion cause terrorism?
No, people do.
Does religion cause terrorism?
No injustice does does.
To quote Haile Selassie and Bob Marley:
Until the philosophy which hold one race superior
And another
Inferior
Is finally
And permanently
Discredited
And abandoned -
Everywhere is war -
Me say war.
That until there no longer
First class and second class citizens of any nation
Until the colour of a mans skin
Is of no more significance than the colour of his eyes -
Me say war.
That until the basic human rights
Are equally guaranteed to all,
Without regard to race -
Dis a war.
"Typically, most suicide bombers are psychologically normal" - now there's a begged question for a start. There is no single cause or reason for suicide bombings, and one cannot identify in any way them as different to other forms of terrorist attacks. "war is hell". The errors of the past come back to haunt us all.
Oh please!
many would say that being a devout believer in supernatural sky fairies is anything but 'psychologically normal'.
And if this is not (MAINLY) a religious thing, and one particular religion only...where are not only all the Atheist suicide bombers? but the non-Muslim ones?
Sri-Lanka is the only different case out of any of them.
And as Islam specifically states that dying while killing the enemies of Islam (which is of course everybody) gets you into a virgin stocked paradise (wow, what a lovely religion it is), and that almost all martydom videos quote endless lines from The Quran and bombers shriek out "God is great" before carrying out their supposedly holy act of a true believer....How can anyone say religion has nothing to do with it?
And if they are just poor misguided souls sent out to do it...Who sends them out? Devout religious leaders and holy men!
And as for the farcical line that 'it's more to do with politics than religion'...ISLAM IS A POLITICAL RELIGION. Perhaps the only one!
Yet more apologist garbage from the Western media.
And might I add.
What a surprise that it is a Muslim who decides that religion is nothing to do with suicide bombings when the ONLY religion that carries out suicide bombings is Islam!
Shock! How obviously unbiased this guy is!
And judging by this guy's other sorry articles he is the very definition of Islam and a political agenda being one and the same thing, thus destroying his own feeble argument.
"Dave" - "the ONLY religion that carries out suicide bombings is Islam!", you claim. Really? Someone obviously forgot to tell the (Hindu) Tamil Tigers this. Your knowledge of this subject is staggeringly impressive. Not.
The cause of terrorism is blind anger.
When a person or group perceive there to be no alternative. The 'suicide' aspect is merely a tactic to breach an unprecedented level of 'security' measures and technology.
If it were possible for a suicide bomber to simply 'throw' the bomb and avoid killing himself - he probably would.
Does religion cause terrorism?
No, but it does cause divides and certain people with divided interests can commit acts of terrorism. If it wasn't there then there would be one less cause of division between people and more chance of sharing common interests and goals.
So it doesn't cause terrorism in itself but it certainly can be a factor.
The Tigers (who as far as I know do not screech out "God is great" or quote from Holy books as they kill people) were in fact mentioned by me above. Re-read. I mention Sri Lanka.
And, sure enough, aside from them, who have a non-religious agenda anyway, the ONLY religion that practices suicide bombing Is ISLAM.
And The Tigers do it in one country, for one specific country locked purpose.
Muslims carry out such acts all over the world, often in countries where they have NO personal war to fight in (Yeah, the UK IS SO EVIL TO MUSLIMS, that's why 7/7 happened..Sure.
How many more mosques have been built since 7/7 and publicly funded Islamic groups an 'initiatives' has this evil country given Muslims since THAT act of suicide bombing) and specifically spew out RELIGIOUS REASONS for doing it!
Islam also has it's most holy men preach suicide bombing and other violence(and praise it) from houses of worship (again Islam is unique in it's religuous hate...even the nutty Catholics don't have Priests calling for bombings and praise those bombings from church pulpits!!).
So sorry, Islam does indeed (yet again) stand up proud and gloriously unique when it comes to barbaric acts not only explicitly carried out in its name...but also sanctioned by its most holy of men and quoted in justification from its most holy book.
And again, from all your articles posted in this appeasing rag, you are not only astonishingly political in your religious views (again you prove me correct in that politics and Islam are one and the same thing) but a disgracefully biased person to even get the go ahead on such an article.
As you have, in this farcical masquerade we see every day to make Islam look all cute and fluffy and harmless, turned the entire thing into a disgraceful bit of propaganda to fool the idiot infidel who gives Muslims and their faith more rights and safety than any poor Christian in any Islamic State could ever hope for.
How many Churches have been burnt to the ground, Christians murdered, forced to convert and been arrested for so called blasphemy since 9/11 in Pakistan alone?
Lets compare those exact same figures to Muslims in Britain.
And man, that church building scheme in Saudi sure is slow to get off the ground.
Really makes you wonder where all those Christian suicide bombers are there. After all, surely they have a damn fine grievance.
OOPS! No, Yet again Islam is unique in how it handles grievances too.
And for a religion who constantly preaches we are wrong to lump all Muslims together into one group...there (always justified of course by people like yourself) sure is a lot of worldwide Muslim anger that gets shared by Muslims from all races and cultures whenever any suspected hurt or insult happens.
Farcical cartoon protests can result in 50 people dead (including aged Nuns shotgunned in the back and buildings burnt down all over the globe...but let's not be naughty little infidels and lump all Muslims together. No no.
You don't fool us all.
The Japanese also carried out suicide attacks. Chalk one up for Shinto.
those who think Islam is the only religion that has had a history of suicide bombers and terrorism as such... please to your reading into how the state of israel was formed.
tzipi livini israels foreign minister regularly dismisses comprimising with the palestinians because they elected a 'terrorist' organsisation, when her father was Eitan Livni the chief operations offiicer of the Irgun who drove the british out of Palestine through acts of terrorsim, for example the David Ben gorion hotel being blown up, the killing of priests then strapping them with explosives up on telephone wires so that those who took the preists down would often suffer a similiar peril
The greatest act of terror is war, and if you dont see US drones bombing indiscriminatly over civilian areas as terrorsim then you need your head checked out.
Dave you spend a lot of time talking complete rubbish. Granted there are many Muslim suicide bombers, but they are not the only ones - your are making a gross but convenient error in ignoring other faiths/motivations outside of Muslims and not just Sri Lanka.
As for Islam being the root of all problems, again some more rubbish on your part. It is the extremist Muslims with their gross misrepresentation and misinterpretation of Islam that are the cause, not the religion - blame the followers, not the religion.
As for the blog itself, perhaps religion is not the root cause of terrorism, but it's definitely a big contributory factor surely, despite what the study shows. Also, how did they manage to get the interviews done - did the bombers take a break from the daily bomb making activities to voice their reasons behind their cause?? It would be interesting to know of the method for the study.
Dave you spend a lot of time talking complete rubbish. Granted there are many Muslim suicide bombers, but they are not the only ones - your are making a gross but convenient error in ignoring other faiths/motivations outside of Muslims and not just Sri Lanka.
As for Islam being the root of all problems, again some more rubbish on your part. It is the extremist Muslims with their gross misrepresentation and misinterpretation of Islam that are the cause, not the religion - blame the followers, not the religion.
As for the blog itself, perhaps religion is not the root cause of terrorism, but it's definitely a big contributory factor surely, despite what the study shows. Also, how did they manage to get the interviews done - did the bombers take a break from the daily bomb making activities to voice their reasons behind their cause?? It would be interesting to know of the method for the study.
" Between 1981 and 2006, 1,200 suicide attacks made up 4 per cent of all terrorist attacks in the world and killed 14,599 people, representing 32 per cent of all terrorism-related deaths. The question is, why? " says a survey.
Can we have another survey of destruction of cities and states and number of innocent people killed by US "war on terror"? US Government which is truly a war machine is continuing, sadly with the support of our Government, to cause havoc in Afghanistan and Pakistan? When will this mayhem stop?
"It is politics more than religious fanaticism that has led terrorists to blow themselves up".
And what causes and clouds endless political disputes, including of course the Israel-Palestine confict?
Religion.
I've seen several video suicide-testimonies by Islamist Palestinian bombers...a lot of talk about god (Allah promised me this, the Qur'an says that), martyrdom, Islamic lands, and short-cuts to paradise, nothing about national liberation.
As I thought, the apologists out in full.
Drones? Well drones have killed many of those devout holy men who arrange for said islamic suicide bombings. One traitor from Birmingham a nice little drone killed had suspected links wit that small incident people like you care so little about...7/7.
And the only reason drones are used is because the Americans can't trust Pakistani security forces to not to tip the targets off and let them escape. So you know who to blame there again.
And yes, suicide attacks have been used by others over time. But i left my time machine out in the rain and it rusted. So neither me, my wife or my child give a damn about what some Japanese did 60 odd years ago.
I tend to concentrate on the suicide bomber who would butcher my little girl in the time frame we live in.
And he'll be Muslim.
He would have quoted the Quran in his martydom video.
He would have hailed Islam in the same video.
And he would have screamed out "God is great" when he killed her.
And right after Muslim holy men would be singing his praises and blaming my daughter for her infidel existence.
And as we buried what was left of her apologists like all the ones I read on here will be jumping up and down to ensure Islam is not offended in any way by her murder.
Says it all really.
2yylam
Wow, what an idiot.
So it's not the religion to blame...just those that follow it?!
And boy oh boy! Has there ever been a religion where we see are told so many devout followers of it supposedly do not understand it.
Wow, even Imman's and Clerics whose job the religion is and who've spent almost all their lives studying it...according to you...don't actually understand it and are getting it all wrong!
Amazing. Even when Islam's most holy men directly quote from a book that has remained completely unchanged in any way for 1400 years...they STILL get it wrong?
Amazing. Yet another unique aspect to Islam it seems. No one actually understands it.
Please. The apologist mantra is getting really tedious.
Mohammad (whose name you can't give to teddy bears or else you get sentenced to death by the 'religion of peace')
When will it stop?
Well, when you don;t crash planes into building s full of people. Or blow up embassies and buses and, well, anything else you can find to blow up.
Afghanistan? Well training camps used to attack us are not really welcome.
But I agree....We should in fact let Afghanistan wallow in the Islamic dark ages it so loves, and which you so obviously want for it.
Pakistan? Well when floods of British Muslims stop going there to be trained up to kill us...perhaps then.
And really...we can throw numbers and statistics around all day but when it comes down to it the basic facts are that no one or nothing on earth has killed, or is still killing, more Muslims....than other Muslims.
Even in mosques while they are praying! There's brotherly love for you.
But hey! You don't like to mention that do you.
And one last thing...I'm sure The West would love to leave (so called) Muslim lands. Will you leave ours though?
Not judging by the mass Muslim immigration to our infidel countries and all they have to leech (sorry, offer) and certainly not judging by the truly horrific Islamic Crusade that is currently rampaging through Africa as we speak with murder, torture and mass rape used as weapons for conversion and conquest.
But then again Islam does like Africa.
After all it was Muslims who invaded Africa, changed its entire gene pool (hence we have Arab Africans...just like Obama) and enslaved its populations.
Populations it was more than happy to sell to The West as slaves.
Let us remember White Westerners did not rampage around Africa trapping these would be slaves.
They did not have to.
Muslims had already done the hard work, so all The West had to do was pay them for it!
In fact the Islamic slave trade still thrives in poor old Africa to this day.
So please, don't try to play the 'we are victims' game with me. As unlike most on here I know exactly what the so called Muslim World is and what it stands for in reality for ALL of us.
And it ain't pretty.
I'm out of here. And the New Statesman should really be ashamed by the way.
Several of the LTTE leaders, including their supremo Prabhakaran , Tamil Selvam, Balraj, Pottu Amman, and Anton Balasingham, are/were Christians. The Sinhalese (majority and Buddhist) in Sri Lanka are thought to have migrated from Northern India around 6th century BCE, while the Tamils (minority in Sri Lanka and mostly in Southern India) have lived in Sri Lanka since the 2n century BCE. While it may be true that the majority of LTTE are/were Hindus, the movement is essentially grounded in language and ethnic conflict .
To the apologists for Islam - an overwhelming majority of Muslims are not terrorists, true, but an
overwhelming majority of terrorists are Muslims. And, their terrorist acts are distributed across the world from the US to Philippines. They are not isolated in the Israel-Palestine conflict, but also in Kashmir, Chechnya, Nigeria, Somalia, Xinjiang, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines...
Why? Why are the Muslims unable to live peacefully in any region where they are not a majority, but a vocal minority? What are they fighting for, if not their way of life or ideology, Islam? Why is this reluctance to acknowledge the errors and contextual limitations in the words pronounced fifteen centuries ago by a mortal like you and me, without the benefit of today's advances in physics, chemistry, biology, genetics, neurology, and social philosophy, and then move on?
1,200 suicide attacks made up 4 per cent of all terrorist attacks in the world
But what percentage of attacks resulting in civilian deaths? What (other than attacks resulting in fatalities) counts as a "terrorist attack" - smashing windows?
This seems to be a deliberately misleading piece, and as such is unhelpful to say the least. Published in Lebanon it may be, but its assumptions and agenda are eurocentric. The main targets of 'suicide' attacks are Muslims, and perpetrators are mainly Salafi jihadist groups.
Ignoring or even denying the clear and explicit ideological agenda of these groups (to the extent of distorting a report which clearly concluded that attacks were not primarily motivated by foreign occupation) for the sake of some generalised religious defensiveness (complete with pieties about 'altruism' ) can only help kill even more ordinary innocent Muslims.
Grow up, Mehdi: identify with the victims, not the killers. It doesn't mean going along with imperial wars....it is possible to walk and chew gum at the same time. Honest.
I am reliably and often informed that Islam is a complete personal, social, political and military system - oh, almost fprgot, it also includes a religious element - all as commanded by allah.
To say that it is politics and not religion that is the 'cause' of this or that when taking of anything islamic appears to have, therefore, virtually no discriminatory value, at least, not in comparison to a mere religion that is nothing else (if there exists such a thing, and if not, the same is true anyway).
Religion can have great power to motivate people, even to carry out suicide attacks, particularly if they are young or of limited intelligence.
For example, tens of thousands of young, often poor and ill-educated, Iranians were persuaded to carry out suicide attacks against Iraqi positions in the Iran-Iraq war, with the promise of direct ascension to heaven as a revered martyr given to them by their religious leaders.
Patriotism can have great power to motivate people, even to carry out suicidal attacks, particularly if they are young or of limited intelligence.
For example, hundreds of thousands of young, often poor and ill-educated, British were persuaded to carry out suicidal attacks against German positions in the First World War, with the promise of direct ascension to heaven as a revered martyr given to them by their religious leaders.
At least the Iranians were defending their homeland and not embarked on an imperial adventure.
I figured out why religion exists. It's because the world is full of c***ts who get away with it, and seemingly prosper.
(Sorry, there was an incomplete sentence in last post.)
Mr.Blobby, I just noticed that you said that the "..British were persuaded to carry out suicidal attacks against German positions in the First World War, with the promise of direct ascension to heaven as a revered martyr given to them by their religious leaders".
I take it that you must agree with my point that religion has been used to encourage people to violence.
I figured out why religion exists. It's because the world is full of c***ts who get away with it, and seemingly prosper.
MrBlobby: "[Terrorism] arises usually within an asymmetrical conflict in which the weaker group is excluded from justice and has been pushed to a point of desperate reaction."
It's clear that terrorism / guerrila warfare is a natural solution to the opressed within an asymmetrical distribution of power. It's doesn't follow, though, that the terrorist acts carried out by extremist Muslims, or by other groups of an extreme nature, necessarily imply that they are acting reasonably from a genuine grievance.
Let's take an example close to home, the 7/7 terrorism incident which was carried out by British civilians against British civilians : how exactly were the bombers excluded from justice, and driven to a point of desparate action?
It seems to me that they were driven more by a mixture of religious and political ideology, which taught them that the West was to blame for the difficult circumstances of the Muslim world.
MrBlobby, interesting point but what bearing does that have on whether religion can cause terrorism?
My point was that religion has been used before as a means to motivate people to violence, both justly and unjustly. The Iran-Iraq war had ceased to be a defensive war by the end of the second year. Iraq had long offered a surrender, refused by the Iranian theocracy, which was intent on conquering Iraq and imposing an Islamic state there, by the time the mass suicide troops were used. The leaders of Iran).
So I'd have to say that it's not impossible that religion, or an adapted version of a religion, can be a cause, or used as a motivating force, in terrorism.
I believe the point of my posting was to draw attention to the sterility of arguing that religion may cause terrorism. I believe that the roots of terrorism lie invariably within a political context; that it arises usually within an asymmetrical conflict in which the weaker group is excluded from justice and has been pushed to a point of desperate reaction. I believe, therefore, that religion may often shape the nature of terrorism but it rarely if ever is the sole cause of it. I believe also that the British Government would very much like the incidence of terrorist acts to be debated almost entirely from the point of view of religious extremism - for [I hope] fairly obvious reasons.
I particularly dislike the way in which certain humanist and other Enlightenment cheerleaders seek to pillory religion for much of the world's woes. That Dawkins dork for example seems particularly hung up on this one. For my money much of the mess in the world seems ascribable to dodgy post-Enlightenment warriors and other bloodless worshippers of expansionist Capitalism - from Churchill to that creepy disciple of Leo Strauss with greasy hair and oddly lascivious lips - he showed his true colours right soon enough.
And perhaps the Iraq-Iran war that lasted nearly a decade and cost upwards of a million lives might have ended sooner had the Americans not backed first one side, then the other, then the other again,depending on which one looked most like losing at the time. But as Kissinger, that gloriously cynical practitioner of realpolitik, so succinctly put it - 'it's a pity both sides couldn't lose'. You know in the end I think both sides did [lose]. Perhaps we all lost back then now that our futures seem so bleakly sealed, our cause now bedraggled and tawdry so dubious in its worthiness so quaint in its insignificance.
We sleepwalking denizens of the dreamworld have passed through the age of innocence and now we all stand indicted and wobbly of knee. We are indicted of our failure to act. As with the Iraq War - it wasn't those that said yes, or those that said no, but those that didn't say no or yes.
I suppose it is possible to concede that Imams played a part in radicalising angry young British Muslims susceptible to indoctrination. Perhaps even, although I doubt it, the tentacular, all-pervasive influence of the folkloric Al Quaeda had extended its evil influence.
On the other hand I don't think they had to work too hard at it post- Abu Ghraib, Fallujah, and Guantanamo Bay. Hell after hearing the ghoulish 'shake and bake' stories from the marines at Fallujah I felt kinda radicalised myself. And I'm a hardcore pacifist that makes Gandhi look like Mike Tyson.
MrBlobby, I can't help but feel that you choose to look with only one eye. I'm sure you know what I mean.
Perhaps we differ in our view of responsibility. My view is, that if I'm aware of injustice, however distant, then I do have a responsibility to do something about it (even if I can't). That responsibility is not diminished by intervening national borders, or distinctions between allies and enemies.
When I consider the events around the world, to see who is suffering, and who is causing that suffering, the West is not the primary culprit by my evaluation, not by a long way. It is also the primary giver of aid to the distressed.
I'm guessing our reckonings differ in this matter. This is the only reason I can think of as to why you have criticised the USA's actions, but not Saddam Hussein's totalitarian and brutal regime in Iraq, for example (with respect to our discussion of atrocities in Iraq).
Well perhaps we should ask the shoe thrower?
Ask him what, sorry? How he would have been treated if he'd thrown a shoe at Saddam instead of Bush?
Saddam killed 148 people after a failed assasination attempt, and tortured many, including women and children, and crushed dissent as a matter of course.
A shoe is not a bullet, but dictators fear appearing weak. Saddam regularly killed those within Iraq who stood against him - I don't think the shoe-thrower would have had a better time throwing a shoe at Saddam, if that's what you mean.
There's this good citizen walking down the street and he sees this big guy beating the hell out of this little guy. So he goes over and he says, 'Hey what are you doing beating the hell out of that little guy for? Do you think that's right?'
So the big guy says, 'what do you mean? You shoulda seen what the guy before me was doing to him..'
If religion isn't the defining factor in suicide bombings how many non-muslims have committed or attempted suicide bombings in the past ten years?
MrBlobby,
Estimates for the number of innocent Iraqis killed by his regime (including Kurds and Shiia Muslims) range between 500,000 and 1.5 million - this includes wholesale destruction of villages and families. A far greater number of people, including women and children, have been tortured. He also invaded Iran without provocation, which led to the deaths of about 700,000 Iranians and 300,000 Iraqis. He also invaded Kuwait, which was thankfully a much briefer war, but which still caused thousands of Kuwaiti deaths.
Saddam Hussein and his brutal regime enforced by terror, torture and murder were an abomination. He's now dead, defeated by the Americans and British, and executed by the Iraqi people.
From the New York Times, in the words of Kanan Makiya, an Iraqi academic :
"[H]e murdered as many as a million of his people [..]. He tortured, maimed and imprisoned countless more. His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead. His seizure of Kuwait threw the Middle East into crisis. More insidious, arguably, was the psychological damage he inflicted on his own land. Hussein created a nation of informants — friends on friends, circles within circles — making an entire population complicit in his rule."
From the Guardian's obiturary for Saddam Hussein :
"Stalin was his exemplar, the likeness came from more than conscious emulation: he already resembled him in origin, temperament and method. Like him, he was unique less in kind than in degree, in the extraordinary extent to which, if the more squalid forms of human villainy are the sine qua non of the successful tyrant, he embodied them. Like Stalin, too, he had little of the flair or colour of other 20th Century despots, little mental brilliance, less charisma, no redeeming passion or messianic fervour; he was only exceptional in the magnitude of his thuggery, the brutality, opportunism and cunning of the otherwise dull, grey apparatchik."
Well Kanan Makiya was along with Chalabi notable cheerleaders for the war in Iraq since they, and many in their number that made up the Iraqi National Congress, stood to become the replacement government once the small matter of Saddam had been dealt with. Since the piece you quote Makiya has become more circumspect quoted also in the NYT as saying, 'the numbers are getting close to Saddam'.
His close friend Ali Allawi desribes the Iraqi caper thus:
“It was doomed,” Allawi told me. “What was doomed was the attempt to refashion Iraq in a sort of civilizational makeover, using American power in an alliance with a supposedly grateful Iraqi public, led by a Westernized middle class. The assumption turned out to be false. And it was compounded by a series of disastrous decisions.”
Allawi goes on to describe Makiya thus:
“Kanan is a romantic,” Allawi said, seated on the couch. “He thinks in these broad categories. He thinks of democracy, of freedom, in ideological terms rather than in terms of practice and experience and living.
He goes on with regard to the Iraq War:
“Islamic history has always come down very firmly on the side of order against chaos,” he went on to say, “because of the fear that if you do not control these forces, the general tendency of human beings in our part of the world is to veer toward anarchy and chaos and the abuse that comes from the collapse of order. Knowing what I know about Iraq, I would probably opt for order rather than for liberation.”
When asked if the proponents of the war like Chalabi and Makiya are responsible for the disaster that Iraq has become he says:
“I think they are relieved of responsibility only because I think their influence was far less than they thought it was,” Allawi said. “Ahmad Chalabi, Kanan Makiya, all of these people became media stars, but their influence on decision making was next to nothing. I can’t believe that a person like Wolfowitz or Cheney or whoever it was in the neocon cabal would allow themselves to be manipulated in this way. They are far too cynical. They have their own agendas. And these agendas were boosted by Iraqis who seemed to be singing from the same song sheet. The Iraqis gave them credibility, gave them substance. But I don’t think they were influenced by them.”
Historically the US don't remove dictators on the grounds of their awfulness; in fact this has often been the basis for putting them there in the first place.
When interviewed at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Makiya was asked if had any plans in the near future to take up residence in Baghdad. Makiya replied:
"Are you f**king crazy?"