Is Obama a Burkean?
David Brooks may claim Obama as a fellow Burkean but the president's greater debt is to Thomas Paine
By George Eaton Published 04 September 2009 16:26The current issue of the New Republic includes an account of the remarkable political romance between Barack Obama and the conservative New York Times columnist David Brooks.
Brooks's admiration for Obama appears to confirm the dictum that how people think is often more important than what they think:
[As] they chewed over the finer points of Edmund Burke, it didn't take long for the two men to click. "I don't want to sound like I'm bragging," Brooks recently told me, "but usually when I talk to senators, while they may know a policy area better than me, they generally don't know political philosophy better than me. I got the sense he knew both better than me."
His more ambitious claim that "Obama sees himself as a Burkean" has caused much consternation in conservative circles, but how accurate is it?
Burke is now largely remembered for Reflections on the Revolution in France, his assault on the principles of the French Revolution and the founding text of conservatism. Yet Burke, who was not an English Tory but an Irish Whig, always had a more liberal streak.
He was an ardent supporter of the American Revolution and an advanced opponent of the slave trade. He led the long and dignified campaign for the impeachment of Warren Hastings over his crimes and misdemeanours as governor general of Bengal.
Despite this, it is Burke's nemesis, Thomas Paine, to whom Obama's thought owes a greater debt. The president's inauguration speech even quoted (albeit without attribution) Paine's stirring pamphlet The Crisis:
Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet it.
And his declaration that "we must begin again the work of remaking America" bore an unmistakable resemblance to Paine's assertion that "we have it in our power to begin the world over again".
Obama may not have explicitly rehabilitated the man Theodore Roosevelt dismissed as a "filthy little atheist" (in fact, Paine was a deist) but he is consciously reviving the dormant tradition of left republicanism.
Brooks's belief that Obama is a Burkean may be an example of the wish being father to the thought, but as the president struggles to secure health-care reform he could yet come to appreciate the value of evolutionary change.
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3 comments
Its hard to call Barack Obama a Burkean conservative. This is because Burkean conservatism or paleoconservatism is very much tied up with the preserving the British style of government. This sort of conservatism entails a support for preserving the Church of England, the aristocracy and the monarchy. And since the American Constitution was based on abstract ideas from John Locke and Montesquieu, such as separation of powers, equality under the law and representative government and the bill of rights, it would be anathema to anything Burke stood for.
Remember that Burke was in some ways quite inconsistent for supporting the American but not the French Revolution. Even though Edmund Burke claimed the American revolutionaries were breaking off the yoke of colonialism by making their arguments based on appealing to the ancient liberties of the freeborn Englishmen found in Magna Carta and the Habeas Corpus Act, the type of ideas that gave rise to both these great revolutions we're very similar. Lafayette, who fought alongside Washington in the American War of Independence, indeed based his drafting on Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. And many of the more moderate revolutionaries including Lafayette and Mirabaeu looked back to the 1688 Glorious Revolution to inspire them (which Burke famously defended in 'Reflections'). Until 1791 and the Storming of the Tulleries 'Revolutionary' France had a constitutional monarchy with a property qualification for voting that excluded many ordinary Frenchmen (even many who had voted for the Estates General in 1789). Before the French Revolution even Enlightenment philosophers like Montesquieu and Voltaire saw England as the model form of Enlightened and progressive government. So the French and American revolutions were much more comparable than Mr. Burke supposed.
Even if Obama supported the US Constitution as a time-honoured institution (it is 200 years old after all) in its form the problem would still lie with its content. Because it doesn't command the same deference as Kings and Lords and is based on abstract Enlightenment ideas rather than something grown out of custom, historical accident (like the English Civil War) and precedent
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Change for Burke should be always be slow and only when absolutely necessary, otherwise it would only lead to disaster and would disrupt what our wise ancesters put in place. Why should we think we know better than our forefathers? in other words question nothing! (The answer is the corollary what reason do we have to think we are any less wiser than other homo sapiens in previous generations). Barack Obama ran on a ticket of radical change in the midst of an unpopular and disastrous war in Iraq and the greatest economic crisis since the Great Depression. However Obama's slogan of 'Change' was moderated in a Burkean temperament 'We Can Believe in' perhaps calling for realism, caution and a certain amount of circumspection. All attitudes Burke would share. And as Roger Scruton and Michael Oakeshott have always emphasised Conservatism is a cast of mind or attitude not a list of abstract formulas.
On Paine i've slightly less to say. Only that despite being born over 200 years before Obama he was to the left of America's first black president in a lot of ways. For example he opposed the death penalty as barbaric and a hangover of monarchical tyranny that brutalised people into more killing. Obama supports it in the most extreme cases. Paine was also an Deist and an Anti-Theist, whereas Obama's former pastor was Jeremiah Wright. He's furthermore a devout and sincere believer in a time where we have far greater scientific knowledge than in Paine's day. Need i say more!
"However Obama's slogan of 'Change' was moderated in a Burkean temperament 'We Can Believe in' perhaps calling for realism, caution and a certain amount of circumspection. All attitudes Burke would share. And as Roger Scruton and Michael Oakeshott have always emphasised Conservatism is a cast of mind or attitude not a list of abstract formulas."
Which supports Brooks dictum its not what people think but how they think
And the most radical republicans, whose violence and chaos Burke prophesised in 'Reflections of the French Revolution', like Maximillien Robespierre, Danton and Saint-Just were opposed to the Declaration of the Rights of Man (suspending its operation during the Terror 1793-1794) and against the thoroughly bourgeoise nature of the early revolution. Calling for a republic based on virtue and a revival civic republican traditions of ancient Rome and Sparta. Terror and Virtue!