The surprising truth about the pay gap

Is it all about babies?

A father kisses his young child. Photograph: Getty Images
A father kisses his young child. Photograph: Getty Images

One of the few examples of genuine institutional prejudice against men is set to be closed this year. The Queen's Speech contained the brief announcement that:

Measures will be proposed to make parental leave more flexible so both parents may share parenting responsibilities and balance work and family commitments.

But a move towards genuine equality of parental responsibilities may prove to be a case of "be careful what you wish for" for many men, because who cares for children seems to have a strong relationship to who earns the most in society at large.

The existence of a pay gap between genders is an incontrovertible fact. The most recent in-depth study of the discrepancy, by Debra Leaker for the ONS in 2008 (pdf) found that, as of 2007, the median female wage was 11 per cent below the median male one. It's a striking figure, and made all the more relateable by the various ways in which people have presented it – none more so than the Fawcett Society, who "celebrate" No-Pay Day on October 30th each year, to represent the point at which women have done enough work to earn their salary if they were paid the equivalent of men (the discrepancy between the numbers – October 30th is only 83 per cent of the way through the year – is due to the Fawcett Society using mean rather than median salaries, and the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings not the Labour Force Survey).

There are a lot of possible reasons for the gender pay gap, but one that is less discussed by those fighting to end it is motherhood. Indeed, there is barely a gender pay gap at all: it would be far more accurate to call it a birth pay gap.

The pay gap between women and men with no children is 8.0 per cent. The pay gap between women and men with four children is 35.5 per cent. (For one child, it's 12.3, two is 14.9, and three is 19.0).

Similarly, the pay gap between 18 and 24 year olds hovers around 1 per cent, and actually goes negative for 24 to 32 year olds. That is, the median 28-year-old woman actually earns more than the median 28-year-old man. It then rises steadily until it hits 20 per cent for over 45s:

The pay gap between men and women who are married, cohabiting or in a civil partnership is 14.5 per cent (to be clear, that is the pay gap between a woman who is married and a man who is married, not between a woman and the man she is married to); the pay gap between single men and women is -1.1 per cent. For the purposes of the point I am making, of course, one can read "single" as "unlikely to have a child any time soon".

It's not altogether surprising that having children increases the pay gap. Paid statutory maternity leave is 26 weeks; paid statutory paternity leave is two. Stepping off the career ladder for 24 weeks is always likely to hurt one's future earnings. Even the gap for childless women could be – unfortunately – explained by employers being wary of taking someone on who may then leave for six months.

All of which is to say that assigning men equal rights to parental leave may backfire if those same men are arguing for it out of a perceived sense of unfairness. There is, and always has been, a trade-off. A society which forces women to be the primary caregivers is also one which keeps men as the breadwinners. If a man wants to assume equal responsibility for looking after his child, he still finds that tricky to do (just as if a woman wants to assume an equal position in the world of business) – but the reason for that isn't a global conspiracy of feminists struggling to keep men out of their children's lives. It is the dreaded p-word: patriarchy.

End that, and men will be as free to share parental roles as we want. But if the gender pay gap equalises out, with men paying an equal share of the risk employers take on when they hire someone about to have a child and losing an equivalent chunk of career progression, we won't be the winners.

12 comments

Chuckeedee's picture

"A society which forces women to be the primary caregivers is also one which keeps men as the breadwinners."

What a ridiculous comment, demonstrating no comprehension whatsoever of how men's and women's minds work or how they make choices. Women are not "forced" to be primary care givers. The good ones love their children and willingly - of their own volition - make sacrifices for their children above all else. Got it? Choice, no need to qualify. There are other women, on the other hand, who are often just lazy sloths taking adavantage of the freebies that come with being a stay-at-home sloth. The hardest work that many stay-at-homes might ever have to do is the sort of work they can do in their jammies, like bending down to slot a dvd into a dvd-player. Got it? More choice, no need to qualify. No patriarchy required.

Culture does not grant any such comparable freebies to men. Men do not have the option to work if they want, or to stay at home if their fancy takes them.

The rest is obvious, and almost embarassing to have to spell it out for the nth time. But if we have to, our google search might include the following keywords: supply; demand; the laws of supply and demand; markets; economy; culture. Any man who finishes high school with the intention of becoming a stay-at-home dad will be as marketable to the opposite sex as a truckload of beachsand.

Feministsmakethingsup's picture

Oh come on Alex, tell us why you were surprised by what we have known for years.

They lied to you - the women's movement told you lies about the wage gap, didn't they?

They've been telling lies about domestic violence too you know, since the 1970s.

"Processes Explaining the Concealment and Distortion
of Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence"

"http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/V74-gender-symmetry-with-gramham-Kevan-Method%208-.pdf

Feministsmakethingsup's picture

Alex

You have said wage gap coming down women on average spending less time at market work than men on average, is surprising to you.

Could you please describe for us what it is you attributed it to prior to this, and cite your source/s?

Mark Neil's picture

This chestnut was cracked 3 decades ago:

http://youtu.be/v_pQ7KXv0o0

That said, I find this article incredibly sexist towards both men and women. You are actually suggesting that men should resist equal parenting in order to maintain their alleged pay advantage over women. Why? Why should a man want to earn more money that some women he doesn't know (because he's not getting paid more than those doing the same job in his office), and sacrifice time with his children to do so? And why should women be forced to take on this discrepancy so you can maintain your pay gap ego? Seem to me if anyone is promoting the patriarchy, and it's male as provider, woman as caretaker roles, it's you.

As to Feminism not opposing this, assuming your promotion of gender roles and pride in the pay gap at the expense of your children isn't representative of feminism, I'd point to all the feminist groups and feminist run DV groups that oppose equal (50/50) parenting, not to mention Harriot Harperson's reluctance to actually implement equal parental leave, despite supposedly being an "equality" minister (not a women's minister, which seems to be the role she's chosen to play).

And it's us MRA's that are called sexist. pfft.

Feministsmakethingsup's picture

"but the reason for that isn't a global conspiracy of feminists struggling to keep men out of their children's lives. It is the dreaded p-word: patriarchy."

You sneering, condescending twit Alex, that was totally uncalled for, you are all uniformly rude and disrespectful to us, then you wonder why feminists have the reputation that they do.

And the people that you are strawmanning and trying to talk down have been pointing out what you think is news and "surprising" - that the data indicates that the wage gap is more of a working gap - for years now.

Its you thats more deserving of the condescension, for believing the nonsensical, hysterical feminist conspiracy theories and claims about the about wage gap in the first place, and then being "surprised" by the most likely and rational explanation thats backed up by the data thats doing the rounds for years now.

Feministsmakethingsup's picture

A study done in UC Dublin a few years ago suggested that the best way to close the gap might be to allow men the same flexibility that women have, it did not work in Sweden though where the women still opt to take more time off. The feminists there considered forcing men and the women to take the same amount of time off at one point by stopped short of that.

Feministsmakethingsup's picture

This is the study data that I'd like to see.

One that controls for the fact that women that make the gap are married and control more of their combined wage than their husband and all alimony , child support payments and all other relationship related cash and asset transfers.

Then you will see why is that women can afford to take more time out of the wage slave market and still wear better shoes than the men that supposedly earn more than them.

I'm so bored with womens wage gap propaganda ...

Evil Pundit's picture

And here we go again. Even when supposedly talking about "men's issues", it's really all about women. And of course, about blaming all problems on "patriarchy", which is simply a code-word for "men".

Nope, New Statesman, you haven't surprised me yet. Still as sexist as ever.

McMac's picture

Anyone with a basic understanding of figures knows that the earnings gap (pay is equal) is much smaller than claimed by various woman’s groups. It’s also obvious that the earnings gap is due to choices that are made outside the workplace.

As a manager in a medium sized company I’d also like to talk about the realities of hiring and firing in the UK and an idea.

Before taking on an employee a manager has to think of many things, one of those are the liabilities that’ll be coming with them. And what will happen if the employee doesn’t work out. I recommend that any white, male, straight, employee ticks the ‘bisexual’ box when they filling in the HR form for a new job.

That magic little tick gives you similar protection and employment rights to female and minority employees. It includes potential unlimited liabilities in a tribunal claim, which means your employer will be extra carful should they need to discipline you, make you redundant or sack you. It also means that you are no longer the cheap risk free option during a cull, and should you fallout with a female colleague you won’t be the automatic loser in HR policies that often ‘side’ with a female complainer against a male, no matter what the facts are because of the massive risk to the company from an unlimited claim.

If every white male in the UK ticked that box many of the inequalities in employment law and practice would disappear overnight.

New statesman33's picture

Finally men are standing up to the entitlement philosophy of feminism: http://manhood101.com/ebook.html

Innocent BYstander's picture

> but the reason for that isn't a global conspiracy of feminists struggling to keep men out of their children's lives. It is the dreaded p-word: patriarchy.

There must be a fault in my browser because it failed to display all the evidence you presumably provided for this assertion.

Des Demona's picture

You say this like it's a surprise. Bearing in mind the legislation in place to prevent gender discrimination for doing the same job then the pay gap must be as a result of family commitments.
Does society '';force'' women to be the primary care giver? Well..... no doubt about to be shot at by the feministas .... but in my experience most women are more than happy to take on that role -

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