The second Great Depression
If today's projections are right, this will be the longest-lasting recession in a century.
By David Blanchflower Published 07 July 2011 17:53
Thankfully, the MPC did the right thing and kept rates on hold, in contrast to the ECB, which raised rates to 1.5 per cent. There is no evidence in either the UK or the euro area of a wage-price spiral emerging and inflation is expected to fall in the euro area, as the effects of the recent oil and commodity price increases drop out. Therefore, the ECB's move looks to be a classic policy error, as this will exacerbate the growth problems experienced by all countries.
As background, I looked at the latest data from Eurostat and plotted data on wages, inflation and changes in producer prices, which are presented below. What stands out is that there is no evidence of substantial increases in nominal hourly wage costs in any country; the highest increase is a paltry 3.8 per cent in France. Greece has seen a fall of 6.8 per cent. For the euro area, the average is 2.6 per cent and it is 2.1 per cent in the UK. The story is similar on inflation, which did not increase at all in the euro area over the past month and fell in five countries including Germany. Producer prices fell by 0.2 per cent in the euro area and in nine of the 17 euro area countries. What inflation? As I said, the ECB has made a major policy error, just as it did in July 2008 when it raised rates. This move to raise rates is madness, as it will lower growth in the euro area. Well done, MPC.
Another piece of evidence supporting the MPC's decision to sit tight was NIESR's latest forecast for the UK economy, published today. Although I think it should have done more quantitative easing (QE) as the economy is slowing -- but that is for another day.
Buried in the data is a potential bombshell for George "Slasher" Osborne. NIESR's monthly estimates of GDP suggest that output grew by only 0.1 per cent in the three months ending in June after growth of 0.5 per cent in the three months ending in May. In part, this was because the effects of one-off events in April have depressed the overall quarterly growth rate. However, even accounting for these factors, the underlying rate of growth NIESR believes is still likely to be weak. This compares with the OBR's forecast of 0.8 per cent.
Commenting on the forecast, Simon Kirby at NIESR argued that: "Economic growth in the UK continues to be subdued. In our April forecast, we expected growth to pick up in the second half of this year to around 0.5 per cent per quarter. We expect the domestic economy to contract throughout this year, leaving net exports as the major positive contributor to economic growth. There will continue to be much talk of continued economic growth over the coming months but it certainly won't feel like it to most people. As with any forecast, there is uncertainty and risk around the outlook. At present, the risks to growth are firmly balanced on the downside."
NIESR goes on to argue in its report that: "These figures do not provide a picture of economic growth that would support a tightening of monetary policy at this juncture." This is a not-too-subtle dig at NIESR's previous director Martin Weale, who left to join the MPC in August 2010 and has voted for rate increases over the past six meetings and presumably did so again today. His recent claim that raising rates now means that they won't have to be increased as much in the future is abject nonsense with no basis in economics or common sense.
The biggest news in the NIESR forecast is contained in the attached graph. This shows for the current recession and the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, as well as the 1930s, the extent of the drop in output measured on the vertical axis and the length of time it takes for output to be restored. In the 1970s, recession output fell by 4 per cent and it took 36 months for output to get back to its starting level. In contrast, in the 1980s, output dropped 6 per cent and took 48 months to be restored. In the 1930s, output dropped by 6 per cent with a double-dip in the middle and also took 48 months to be restored.
NIESR has kindly provided me with an updated version to the one it published, which also contains estimates of when the recession will be over, measured by the point at which output will reach the level it was at the start of the recession in 2008. That is the black diamond on the right of the graph. This suggests NIESR believes that this recession will be the longest-lasting in a century and output will not be restored for at least five years. This is based on NIESR's forecast for April but, given Simon Kirby's view that the risks are to the downside and the Q2 2011 forecast, then recovery could well take even longer than that. NIESR is, for example, forecasting growth of 0.5 per cent in both Q3 2010 and Q4 2010, which does look overly optimistic.
If NIESR is right, Osborne's policies will be responsible for the worst recession in a century -- and maybe it should be named the "Second Great Depression". This suggests an economic policy U-turn on the fiscal front must be in the offing. It also raises the prospect of the MPC doing more QE before the end of the year.
Latest tweets
More from New Statesman
- Online writers:
- Steven Baxter
- Rowenna Davis
- David Allen Green
- Mehdi Hasan
- Nelson Jones
- Gavin Kelly
- Helen Lewis
- Laurie Penny
- The V Spot
- Alex Hern
- Martha Gill
- Alan White
- Samira Shackle
- Alex Andreou
- Nicky Woolf in America
- Bim Adewunmi
- Glosswitch
- Kate Mossman on pop
- Ryan Gilbey on Film
- Martin Robbins
- Rafael Behr
- Eleanor Margolis
- Tools and services:
- Polls
- Predictions
- Archive
- Magazine
- PDF edition
- RSS feeds
- Advertising
- Subscribe
- Special supplements
- Stockists





















30 comments
@matt
Head out of proverbial, foxy (if not stuck) ....
I think its dugusting the amount of borrowing Osborne is doing. Keep it up pointing it out. As a country we need to try a lot harder to mend imbalanced public and private sectors which means reducing the public sector. If we dont, it will strangle the economy in the long term -- the problems we see now stem back 10 years.
Labours deficit reduction plan is to borrow £250BN more than the coallition. Or translated it means another squandered £250Bn where the agenda is to get power rather than the national interest.
BTW. It adds to the £350BN Labour stacked on top of the national debt before 2008 when the economy was inflating - its anti Keynes. Wonder why they did it because the kids then are not benefiting from it now.
Tony Blair agrees - he says Labour should not have borrowed so much. Lesson learned.
@Indu
You're talking shit about the UK having a proud tradition of managing it's public debt
http://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk/downchart_ukgs.php?year=1960_2011&stat...
http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/amser/chrono14.html
But you always talk unmitigated shite.
& who do you blame for this situation Mr Blanchflower?
the UK relies on its credit rating to sustain the borrowing levels exaserbated by the last Government, we have came out of this financial crisis in reasonable shape compared to how much worse it could have been had we not made cuts and lost the confidence of lenders worldwide.
Some carefully selectivly chosen recent stats does not change that.
Luckily the national debt before the crisis in 2008 was a lower share of GDP than it was when Labour started in 1997.
The growth in the economy more than cancelled out the additional borrowing. This is what having a growth strategy means.
And we also have the large improvement in public services as a benefit.
How much more money do people need?
How much much more plastic junk do people want to buy?
Define depression Blanchy...
One holiday not two per year ?
One car per household not two ?
A television in every other room not every ?
One mobile phone per person not two ?...
Truth is most people are simply greedy.
Now, if you want to settle for less - go on the scrounge - that way you have the perfect excuse to just say no !
@Raymond Dunce
"There was no genuine growth in the economy after 2001. The boom was financed entirely by borrowing."
Economic illiteracy of the highest oder.
The MPC is currently balanced between "AD is just right" and "AD is too high", with only Posen calling that "AD is too low".
If the government tries a fiscal stimulus to boost AD further, how would this move the MPC? Would they suddenly agree that Posen was right after all?
The more likely outcome is surely that they would tighten MP to maintain the current growth rate of AD, and offset the fiscal stimulus. Fiscal "austerity" is the only "excuse" for loose MP at the moment.
The problem we have is the split between nominal growth and real growth. Would more fiscal stimulus and less monetary stimulus give us better productivity gains, somehow? It seems unlikely.
@ Hindu
your quoting charts showing high public debt back in the 60's etc, the economic situation then is not comparable to our situation today.
In the 60's we had full employment & looking for workers from abroad even to fill positions, we where still benefiting from our lead as 'workshop of the world' supplying everything & anything to the rest fo the world, also a growing baby boom population was fuelling growing gdp, today our situation is totally different, we need to look at being a mature economy & balancing our books accordingly.
Why? Before 2008, the last government borrowed £350BN
Ditto :)
I think i can clear the Uk deficit as i am getting a £1 everytime you post this :)
"It doesn't take a shuttle astronaut to work out where unemployment is headed."
Well then give us a number Captain Blanchflower. Unemployment hit 20% in the great depression so I guess that's where you think we are headed?
@mcquade
Raymond is right (check your data).
Between 2000 and 2008 UK industry contracted at its fastest rate since the 1970's.
At the same time, 1 million public sector jobs were created by borrowing.
I'm glad the agenda has moved on to political corruption.
Instead of QE why doesn,t the government fund large public works so employment is given to people who can then pay taxes etc. Something like crossrail £1.4 billion for rolling stock - doh!
@Hal
There was no genuine growth in the economy after 2001. The boom was financed entirely by borrowing.
What is Labour's alternative, deny all responsibility, crank-up the printing press, borrow more money, keep spending what we no longer have, Keep living for today and let future generations pay the bills... Folks may dislike the tories, but most aren't stupid enough to give Labour their vote.. Most hard working folks know all about balanced budgets, and living within their means. It's just a pity the previous Labour government didn't!!
The GDP 'Change from Peak' chart is misleading because GDP is measured signicantly differently to the way it was measured during prior crisis (just having nominal GDP - inflation = real GDP should tell you enough).
What the hell, lets keep printing money carry on spending, lets pretend we can have our cake and eat it.
What the **** why not throw financial irresponsibility out the window and keep on partying, and when it all goes tits-up we can all blame George Osborne...
A great depression with 8% unemployment? Come on, is this a comedy column?
Don't worry Luddite, we will be here to tell you " Told you so "
Ed Miliband loves all those working folk, who turn out for him and vote.
While many think that the world revolves around what Murdoch "allegedly" did with the phone hacking scandal, keep this in mind.
In two weeks, the States will default. Already Moody's, S&P and other rating agencies want to lower their rating. Many bond holders are legally obligated to dump these and take the loss if necessary.
This means that this will affect the U.K. as well (everything from interest rates and unemployment to possible bank closures). The total amount of toxic debt will never be able to be totally paid off (despite what Osborne, various economists and the BBC tell you).
This means that NO ONE is immune from defaults, riots and more. I know that hype about the rich and powerful, hacking and which celebrity is sleeping with who is way more exciting. However, as the Stateside politicians continue to waste time, watch more stuff fall apart.
'output will not be restored for at least five years'
So by the next election, presumably a fair part of the deficit will remain given the impact of the cuts to date, but Osborne can put out a few tax bribers to the electorate and claim success when things eventually start improving, albeit much more belatedly than it should have been. They will still blame Labour I dare say.
The government should encourage the banks to offer all current mortgage holders at least 5 and maybe 10 year fixed mortgages on their properties - without rexamining the lending criteria.This would remove the fear that many people have they may lose their house when interest rates rise - and allow homeowners to spend with confidence - boosting the economy.
George Osborne is not been given the credit he deserves. He's working so hard he had to turn down an 'invite' to Rothschild's 40th.
Now there's dedication. Not sure if wife toddled along. Usually does!
High Society
Mr Danger
The problem is that may well not be over by a long way. So the government is firing people and output over the last months has been zero and is projected to be 0.1% for a nine month period. It doesn't take a shuttle astronaut to work out where unemployment is headed.
In two weeks, the States will default. Already Moody's, S&P and other rating agencies want to lower their rating. Many bond holders are legally obligated to dump these and take the loss if necessary. http://www.easyhomeprojects.org/
@David Blanchflower
Rebase the x-axis so the zero point is 12 months on from the start of recession and the UK economy looks to be doing well. Rebase 12 months earlier and the UK economy looks much worse.
Basically, rebasing the x-axis away from the last government and the siutation improves dramatically.
Why? Before 2008, the last government borrowed £350BN and inflated the economy when it did not need it. It was done for political and not sound economic reasons.
The current UK fiscal tightening is painfull and has accelerated the envitable decline in living standards. But getting the unavoidable pain over and done with quickly means we can move on.
The alternative simplicistic fiscal expansion is flawed:
1) the vast majority of government expenditure has negative payback/ NPV. The value of the national asset is consumed and not replaced and wealth leaks e.g. china imports and negative balance of payments
2) borrowed money needs to be paid back over time. Until the last government, the UK had a proud record of managing its national debt.
3) government spending reallocates resources out of the productive into the public sector. It inflates wages and asset prices and makes the economy uncompetitive.
4) Even if fiscal expansion was NPV neutral and a zero sum game on a world level, if the UK did not behave selfishly then it would loose out - we would borrow British people's money to support wealth create in other economies. UK borrowing is not a solution that will work - you could ask the Chinese to borrow and spend.
Lets not confuse the weak fiscal control with an economy with a small planned state sector which makes strategic long term positive return investments to grow UK industry e.g. in manufacturing of wind turbines or precision steel production. Unfortunately these investments do not yield short term votes even if they create long term jobs.
@David Blanchflower Re: Mr Danger
The economy does not produce enough wealth to support current living standards.
You are not recognising the cumulative long term burden on the UK economy of it failing to adjust living standards early on.
The gap between the UK reality and the aspiration would need to be filled with ever increasing amounts of state borrowing to support the public wage roll.
Citigroup are predicting that the economy will contract by 0.2% in Q2.
The transport secretary Philip Hammond, is trying to prepare the country for bad economic news. He talked about a rocky road ahead, not just for this year but next.
Some economic forecasters are talking of 1% economic growth for next year.
I appreciate Indu Pendent is relaxed with all the money Osborne is borrowing, but if we fail to meet the forecasted economic growth, it means more tax rises, more spending cuts and more borrowings.
Most of the attacks on Blanchflower seem to place responsibility for the recession at New Labour's door. I am no fan of the last government, but this is patently absurd. The crisis was instigated by a financial crash. The scale of this international disaster dwarfs the errors of domestic governments. If you want to criticise New Labour's record start with its continuity from Thatcher in failing to regulate the banking sector. Similarly the attack on manufacturing started with Thatcher and was continued by Blair. Cameron is continuing this disgraceful tradition with his failure to argue the case for the Bombardier jobs. There should be a serious discussion on these message boards, not vacuous bluster and certainly not empty headed insults directed at a respected economist.