Where do house prices go from here?
The figures tell us that house prices are unsustainable at current levels and are likely to head dow
By David Blanchflower Published 25 April 2011 11:33
A big question is: where do house prices go from here? According to Halifax, house prices peaked in December 2007 and have fallen 17 per cent since then. Real house prices have fallen even further -- by around 27 per cent. Homeowners on trackers have done really well. Their payments fell sharply as interest rates fell to historically low levels after the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) cut the Bank of England rate to 0.5 per cent. This has kept delinquencies down but it is unlikely to continue when interest rates rise. This will inevitably have a downward impact both on house prices themselves and, inevitably, on consumption also.
Based on house-price-to-earnings ratios (HPE), a measure of affordability, it does look as if house prices are unsustainable at current levels and hence still have quite a long way to fall.
Chart 1 (click here for a bigger version) illustrates this, using data from the Halifax. The index stands at 4.45, compared with a peak of 5.81 in July 1987 and a long-run average from 1983 to 2000 -- prior to the house price boom -- of 3.64. The question is by how much. These numbers suggests that house prices have another 20 per cent or so to go, with the concern that, as has occurred in other house price corrections, there is a bigger overshooting before prices return to the long-run equilibrium. Interestingly, a comparison of gross rental yields, relative to a long-run average, also indicate that housing is at least 20 per cent overvalued.
But claims about the sustainability of HPEs come up against the counter-claim that low interest rates have made valuation metrics less useful as a guide to the sustainability or otherwise of prevailing house prices. Compelling new work by Paul Diggle from Capital Economics sheds some light on this issue. He argues that comparing house prices to equity prices, which should also have benefited from low interest rates, still suggests that house prices are about 15 per cent too high.
There are similarities, he suggests, between how equities and property "should" be priced. As a claim on a company's future earnings, the price of a share, he claims, should equal the present discounted value of the expected earnings to which it entitles the owner, with a suitable allowance for risk. An equivalent way of determining the "fair value" price for property is by using the present discounted value of the future stream of rental income, adjusted for risk and the costs of owning and maintaining property. So, Diggle argues, by lowering the rate at which future income is discounted, low interest rates should have benefited both asset classes. Even so, relative to a simple long-run average, the ratio between house prices and equity prices seems to suggest that either equities are around 15 per cent too cheap or housing is around 15 per cent too expensive. (See Chart 2 -- click here for bigger version).
Given that the FTSE all share price/earnings ratio indicates that stock market valuations are very close to average historical levels, Diggle argues, there is little evidence for the former. The house-price-to-equities ratio seems to imply that house prices are higher than can be justified by low interest rates.
It is significant that the extent to which housing is overvalued on this new measure is similar to other measures, such as the HPE and rental values. The house-price-to-equities ratio adds to the case that a downward adjustment in prices is required. House prices look to be headed down.
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71 comments
Let’s not forget that the Tories have also done what they can to cut housing targets and ‘give back planning decisions to communities’ to ensure Tory NIMBYS can keep the poor and homeless at bay. This also helps restrict new builds and keeps prices higher. New Labour like the Tories before them rode a housing boom until the end. The present govt. has done all it can to protect prices. There are too few houses but there are far too many people with 5 or more ‘investment’ homes that take away the life chances of others. Scrap buy to let, triple council tax on second homes, give Councils the power to buy empty property for Council housing. Agree re the posts on mortgage / income multiples but the same argument has been made for over a decade now, and still a serious crash has not occurred. Govt’s would view that as a failure, not an opportunity for the many and so this rigged market continues.
JohnRuddy - I once bought a flat for £56k in end of 1991, where a year previous neighbours with same were buying for £79k. They dropped like a stone. But remember, you can buy incredible cheap by auction, where people, and building societies with repossessions, want to sell quick.
Anyone who buys through an estate agent these days is an idiot, as far as I am concerned.
I 'speculated' on some media shares lately, which promptly dropped by 20%.
Will you socialise my losses as well?
No? Then why do it with housing?
Morally Repugnant, socially derisive, damaging, economic fascism.
Whats it like working for the MPC?
@Mr Divine: Indeed, though some lack of consistency on Dan's part. I think you sent half a dozen comments, I wasnt allowed to reply once!
I use a similar system myself, 'tis the weather for it...
Sounds like a fine plan, Mr Divine :-). Clearly we are reading off the same page.
Shame we have to speak in riddles. I wonder, do you comment on any other topical current affairs sites, left-leaning or otherwise?
Its clear that prices are going to fall and fall a lot. They are simply overvalued and their isn't the finance to prop the overvalued prices any more.
Even London prices are going to fall, central London property price rises have been caused by mass money laundering and foreign currency flight. It is just one giant bubble on another bubble.
Rich Dad poor dad!
buy house to live in it and you will be fine irrespective of whether house price goes up or down. Buy house to run a ponzi scheme and you are doomed.
I think most people ask the wrong question. The question is not whether the price of house will go up or low. The question is should one buy a house. The answer to that depends on
a) If you want to settle down at a particular location and if yes b) how much mortage that you need to take.
I would say keep on renting until all your savings is atleast 70 pc of house value that you want to buy.
Being a conservative, I do not like debt. Not at individual level nor at government level.
Offcourse some greedy people would buy a house taking great risks and then blame government for not formulating policies according to their needs.
House price is function of demand / supply. Supply for sale is function of rentals (again), the alternative usage and perception. Demand is function of average incomes/ immigration and other international functions.
Rentals would rise when there is less sale because more people are renting and hence the supply will be constrained. Also with inflation and progress in other countries such as India/ China and middle east, there is good chance the demand for renatls will increase from these sources.
Hence to say that house price will definitely fall in long term is not necessarily true wvwn though it easy to conclude that if you only look at the demand side of the things.
Property is like Gold. It is an asset. When the currency devalue as is happening with Sterling and dollar, in slightly longer term it will appreciate.
Give me Real Asset like property; anyday; in times when all major currencies are behaving like fakes. Look at any currency except Yuan, all of them are being printed. At the end of day, even those who horde money during deep recession would have to bring it out (they will get bored in time, trust me) and will start buying real assets.
That the house price would appreciate in Long run should not mean we should start buying house. Remember we are all dead in long run. Because before the long has run, we need to pay cash to creditors.
The figures tell us that house prices are unsustainable at current levels and are likely to head down. There's no likely about it, house prices will crash. The only reason they haven't done so far is the reluctance of house sellers and the market to accept reality. If you have bought at the height of the market hard lines.
I thought I should clear up some of the irrational or economically literate comments that always follow any article on house prices.
First, Dave Amos:
Gov / Banks) created the over valuation in the first place, then i am certain they will engineer a soft landing, reason - simple - they is no cash anywhere in the economy to pay for all the defaulters should the banks call in the loans.
--------------------------------------------
if there is no cash around, then prices can only fall. How can near record prices be sustained when there is no cash around? They can't. If you want to create artificial wealth (wealth without actual wealth creation, we could adopt blades of grass as our national currency, go out and mow the lawn and pocket it all).
Properties will come onto the market thru distressed or other forced sales. Without higher interest rates, this could be a slow process.
Mr Amos again
inflation is not consumer driven any way, it is all external, so upping rates will have zero effect on inflation:
We are a globalised economy so this is not true. Low rates create a low exchange rate for the pound, which makes imports more expensive, obviously driving up inflation. Higher interest rates will lead to lower prices of imports as well as of domestic goods and services.
Mr Amos' third is the worst
the main problem is that the public has no idea how dire the state of the national finances are, the current Gov deserve some credit for creating a fairly stable position, the previous lot should be charged with negligence, or more likely stupidity?
Private sector debt at 250% of GDP, is far worse than public sector debt in Britain. Consumer debt is over 100% of GDP for the time since the start of the industrial revolution. You propose the most guilty (banks and mortgage holders) be bailed out, and the lesser criminals, govt (58%) be put in jail; while the least of all guilty, those without an unaffordable mortgage pay for the crimes of others (the indebted) by getting 1% on their savings, have their taxes go to bankers and the indebted, and keep affordable out of their reach. This is a recipe designed by the gutless for the gutless, and it would make you the criminal.
That last par, some corrections:
You propose the most guilty (banks and mortgage holders) be bailed out, and the lesser criminals, govt (debt at 58% of GDP) be put in jail; while the least of all guilty, those without an unaffordable mortgage pay for the crimes of others (the indebted) by getting 1% on their savings, have their taxes go to bankers and the indebted, and keep affordable housing out of their reach.
Ms swatantra nandanwar makes the classic mistake of citing supply and demand.
She says...
The only way is up ... because its a question of supply and demand. There simply isn't enough suitable property/houses around.
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The classic misunderstanding of the term, supply and demand.
Demand is not how many people want a house. Demand is not how much money people are willing to pay for an item (house in this case). Demand is a map of volumes and prices. It expresses how much money will be spent on an item.
Demand for housing is in freefall because there is no longer lots of cash. This situation is not going to change because the national and international banking system is still technically insolvent, hence the govt guarantees. There is no cash to pay for the massively priced housing in Britain.
economics 101: definition of demand
Demand is the amount of a product that consumers are willing and ABLE to pay for at a given price.
Therefore, the demand for £200K houses is the amount of them that people are willing and able to pay for. As there is less money, the amount people are able to pay for has fallen. ergo, demand for £200k, and also for £100K, £300K and £400K houses is falling. Housing demand IS Falling!!!!
elrob
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(Currency) Money = Paper + Promise . If you get this, you can see that value of property is better than value of money.
What would you do of paper when value of promise = 0. Use it as toilet paper.
But toilet is in your house that you would still need to live in.
Property will appreciate. It is another matter than large parts of population may not be able to afford housing.
Globalisation. We have seen nothing yet.
The sense of entitlement in UK is deeply worrying. People are simply sleepwalking into disaster.
Mr Rae, There may be little appetite for any asset price fall but there may not be the capital available to stop one.
And Gavin, I suspect London prices have further to fall than anywhere else as there are plenty investor and homeowners teetering on the edge with huge debt over their heads. You could nearly blow them over the edge.
I mean 'House Ownership'
RK
The question is should one buy a house. The answer to that depends on
a) If you want to settle down at a particular location and if yes b) how much mortgage that you need to take.
I would say keep on renting until all your savings is at least 70 pc of house value that you want to buy.
--------------
Of course, the last and in terms of market dynamics the most basic condition to be fulfilled is: how much money you can bid. Add together your deposit and maximum bank loan together, and that is the max that you can bid for a house.
If sellers are demanding more, then we'll get a zombie market. And that is exactly what we have. Volume sales are currently barely more than half what they were at the bottom of the last cycle in the early to mid-90s. They are about a third of the level of 2006-07.
Volumes will rise when one of the following happens.
either huge global wealth creation means the banks are recapitalised and can lend 5-6 times earnings again, or people lower asking prices.
I know which I believe will happen first.
final point.
A recent report into the Irish Crisis blamed banks, regulators, govt, and even the general Irish population. It demanded govt not stop the bubble and "let the good times roll".
That could be written of Britain during the boom, and still today.
elrob
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Demand is function of necessecity. People will rent in. If they cannot afford 3 bedrooms they will cram in 1 bedroom.
But there can be migration when rentals fall below a certain levels because lot of people from other parts of the world will be able to risk their money and try and see whats available in UK.
elrob
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a) Housing in UK is not more expensive than it is in Asia.
b) There is enough money held by UK rich, some of which is simply lying idle because these people cannot invest in Asia nor do they want to invest in recession hit western world. But at some point in time they will put it to property.
Also Money is always fake. Whether printed by government or by private banks really does not matter.
The CDO's printed by banks were actually money in their own currency - the currency - was really the promise held out by the banks.Which offcourse became = 0 and hence we have had financial crisis.
It is less apparent in case of Sterling and Dollar. Once the value of promise of US/UK government comes to zero, in my esteem it is already there, but when the market decides ENOUGH, these currencies will collapse.
The house you would still need.
Imagine a situation when you have a bagful of Sterlings you would need to buy a mug of cofee (just for illustration) .....what would be the price of House?
RK
Demand is a function of money. Requirement is a function of necessity. This is economics, you are talking of sociology.
my last comment went missing, grrr.
if you believe money value ius tending to zero (paper plus worthless promise), then let's value housing in a currency that cannot be cheated, gold. Prices of UK housing is down by almost 70% in golden in three and a half years.
That shows you the real worth of UK housing.
on the cash rich. The cash rich are having an effect on the apparent flatness of the market, because volumes are low.
There are not enought cash-rich people in the UK to deal with the housing market getting back to normal volumes.
When that happens the lag in price falls in British pounds will be made up.
elrob
------
Leave academics. In real world, you do not worry about physics and chemistry of cofee before drinking (and liking) it.
If everything can be done in classroom, USSR would still be a superpower.
@Jon
Doesn't Ed look swaggering having fun in his jack boots.
The challenge is for any labourite to disagree ...
The Labour elite are ruthless politicians.
In 2011, they are driven more by power & media and less by values.
Even now, they shirk from tackling issues which might loose them short term popularity.
They target the poor when its a vote winner and dump them in favor of the middle class when there are more votes to be won. Its how Labour policy is devised.
e.g.
Gordon, Ed & Tony knew about the excessive growth of UK credit before 2008. Even so, the last government did not tighten fiscal or monetary policy to reduce consumer debt growth. Instead they did the opposite and borrowed £350Bn before 2008 creating a UK asset and credit bubble. The money was spent on winning votes of sections of the population.
Ask any spin doctor but at the same time the nasty Tory party were showing their true colours by being cruel to people by pushing for cuts to public borrowing.
elrob
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then let's value housing in a currency that cannot be cheated, gold. Prices of UK housing is down by almost 70% in golden in three and a half years.
--------
You are getting there. Thanks.
The value of the house should be measured in love of family you can share in it and peace of sleep. Not in Sterling or Dollar.
....the nasty Tory party were showing their true colours...
Do they have a choice? I think tories are too soft. The need is to give our people a rude awakening about the world that has changed dramatically in past 10 years.
Rent levels are soaring. Those who have profited from past property purchase yields are responding to poor saving rates by seeking yield from buy to let. This might be a south east perspective. The exclusion implied and developing by this occurence (rent and house prices at unaffordably high levels) is detrimental to 'society' and is a further sign of a developing rift between those that have benefited and those loosing out. Of course it is too a drag on consumption and implies further correction is heading down the pipeline, but when!!
@David Blanchflower
... the drag on UK disposable incomes before housing cost is going to pressure on house prices.
There is other data to corroborate the 15%-20% overvalue and explain the underlying causes.
The last government borrowed £350Bn before 2008 and injecting it into the economy caused an asset price bubble.
To chart 2, add the discounted impact of fiscal policy on personal incomes before housing cost normalised for the total value of private housing stock. I see a current overvalue would be nearer to 40%.
40% is more realistic than the 20% given the accelerated errosion of the UK's industrial base from 2000. It is being amplified by frictional unemployment during reallocation of resources from the public to private sector.
Is it fair to define New Labouromics: fiscal policy for political advantage of a small elite? Can New New Labour create a better process for policy development focused on the national interest?
I was flicking through some old party snaps and found this visual metaphor for 'equality of opportunity for all our kids':
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1286627/Ed-Balls-forgets-Tory-Ox...
anyone buying a house now has to be mad!
you have to look at the graphs and read the signs...merely trying to inflate our way out of this assett bubble won't work indefinately. expect RPI+ wage claims and much unrest followed by massive inflation and interest rates at 10%.
you heard it first here.
the only reason we didn't have a house price slump back in 2008 was due to near zero interest rates, printing money as well increases in debt. this has made the underlying problems for western economies worse. the chickens will come home to roost and it won't take long. when the correction will come it will be massive.
Housing is clearly an important issue judging by the number of posts.
Joe Publics post about earnings and house prices sums it all up. The boom under Labour was a disaster for the medium and low paid, I think it was Labours greatest domestic failure, more than wiping out the good done in other areas.
The excuse was always that it was ok because rates were low, but taking out a very big mortgage at a very low rate is a recipe for disaster.
Looks like ongoing stagnation and bouncy (i.e. up AND down) fluctuation for the next few years..... in NOMINAL terms for house prices.
In the meanwhile, the whole game has been rigged to ensure that EVERYTHING ELSE will catch up via inflation.
Eventually that should include wages too.
It's a rotten game, no question.
And the societal consequences EITHER ignored and uncared for by the powers that be, OR the importance of dividing the haves and have-nots is too important to the haves to reverse. :-/
Private sector debt at 250% of GDP, is far worse than public sector debt in Britain. Consumer debt is over 100% of GDP for the time since the start of the industrial revolution. You propose the most guilty (banks and mortgage holders) be bailed out, and the lesser criminals, govt (58%) be put in jail; while the least of all guilty, those without an unaffordable mortgage pay for the crimes of others (the indebted) by getting 1% on their savings, have their taxes go to bankers and the indebted, and keep affordable out of their reach.
http://www.microwaveovensreviews.net/
Mitchy: at least we can hide in this house here and old Blancy wont be any the wiser. He's more interested in the cost of the house as opposed to what is going on in his front living room when he's away in Florida with his IMF friends. Dan is like a little bulldog on his blog sniffing out all the weed and throwing it onto a big bonfire.
Have you brought the papers?
If house prices are unsustainable at current levels, then why is it so bad if they drop?
@Luddite
Spot on.Low interest rates and people thinking they are going to get top dollar for their house.That's what's keeping the prices up.This can't go on forever
.
@ Indu Pendent
Frankly Labour fiscal policy, if it erred, did so intending to be at least *more* in favour of the less poorly-off than their predecessor administration. I know that there was an asset bubble, but surely that was partly waves of cheap credit secured on UK salaries and house prices which did for that to a large degree too?
So I'd rather fiscal policy be for the many, in the way I've described, than *solely* for the already-moneyed, per the current administration.
I agree with the forces you intelligently describe as having a bearing on the equilibrium price-point, but, the price-point is defined, remember, as that at which sellers are willing to sell. If they *don't* wish to lose 40%, their and others' reluctance to sell will provide an offsetting scarcity premium.
Typo - I meant 'less well-off' in my first para. Although maybe that's some kind of Freudian slip going on :-)
Etch Tee
The market seems stagnant even now, where free-market economics don't seem to be applying.
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free market economics are not applying now at all. Govt has been guaranteeing the banking industry. The reason the banks collapsed is that they had been inventing money when granting mortgages for the previous 5-6 years (from about 2001-02). They press a button and you have a £200k loan. But something is required to determine that £200k is real.
But banks merely sold on the mortgages to world financial markets and credit rating agencies said, "the money is real". In 2007, one of them worked out the money was not real, and financial markets stopped buying the debt. Suddenly all those mortgages were dodgy - not just the US ones.
Without govt guarantees and emergency low interest rates, banks would have had to call in bad loans of which there are hundreds of thousands out there (there#ll be more when rates rise). That would have led to a huge rise in supply of available houses to buy, and a consequent crash. See Ireland prices down 53% in Dublin.
As that hasn't hapenned here, you are relying on the fantasy world of Adam Smith to kick in (you know economically rational humans in the market) in order for prices to fall. That means sellers realising all the signals and selling as quick as poss for the best possible price.
That's where Smith got it wrong. We are not rational, we are emotional.
Sellers have an emotional attachment to the top of the market, and will not sell for real market price (I agree, it is probably another 20% down) until they have to or until they panic, whichever comes first to each of them. Very few will have the foresight to sell before that panic. Would it not be better to get it over and done with? Stop guaranteeing the banks, and split them up.
Mike555
The boom under Labour was a disaster for the medium and low paid, I think it was Labours greatest domestic failure, more than wiping out the good done in other areas.
--------------
absolutely spot on.
This is exactly what Ed Miliband should be getting a grip of, and Ed Balls, too. I had some hope for Ed when he was elected, but less for Balls. "Naive on markets" ... talk of the squeezed middle and I recall Miliband mentioning that social democracy needs to convince people by changing from a philosophy that allows capitalism, and then bails out the losers.
Soc Dem must be about allowing low and mid income earners to earn their own wealth, and get a fair slice of the cake.
But New Labour was a disaster, as you say, because of housing. It got every call wrong: Deregulation of banking, selling council houses, allowing the BoE to cut rates during a bubble (Aug 2005 was THE worst call of the MPC), even giving mon policy to the BoE has turned sour.
The future must be. Lower house prices. Grasp this nettle or all else is worthless!
Make 15% legal min deposit. Raise rates if housing prices rise by 6% annually or more. Introduce living wage. Cut standard rate income tax, and make it transparent: 20% inc tax and 12% NI is 32% inc tax. This will show that higher rate payer hardly pay more than the lower paid. It could be paid for by a land value tax quite easily and sort out the structural deficit.
Have people earn their way to wealth/comfort rather than expecting housing bubbles to sort them out. The latter's dishonest and won't work. The high h price policy bust the banks, impoverished millions, and may have damaged Labour's chances in the near future, and for what?
The people you were supposed to represent cannot afford a home for the first time in 40-50 years.
Low house prices mean. People can plan families with confidence, and have money left over to save.
It cannot be underestimated the disaster that New Labour was, and that's from a Labour supporter.
ok, so lets all agree that house prices are technically 20% over valued, so what - since the powers that be (Gov / Banks) created the over valuation in the first place, then i am certain they will engineer a soft landing, reason - simple - they is no cash any where in the economy to pay for all the defaulters should the banks call in the loans, and politically the public would not accept it (given they now own the banks) so the BOE will have to keep rates low until inflation gradually self corrects the problem, this will take years, inflation is not consumer driven any way, it is all external, so upping rates will have zero affect on inflation, it would simply take cash out of the economy and there is little of that anyway, the main problem is that the public have literally no idea how dire the state of the national finances are, the current Gov deserve some credit for creating a fairly stable position, the previous lot should be charged with negligence, or more likely stupidity?, or trying to buy votes?, appalling, and they walk off with pockets full of money and peerages.
mitchy: Quiet riot's girl's house is a good place for a sess. Lets celebrate the royal wedding. I suppose I should ask her if it's OK to lit up at her place. Or we could just squat.
http://quietgirlriot.wordpress.com/
David, 1) house prices have NOT dropped in LOndon and desirable parts of the SE. 2) the reason they have NOT dropped is because of the policies you have been advocating: QE (aka funny money), low interest rates, higher public spending.
You have to remember that the housing market varies enormously by region. I recently bought a house in Surrey and paid exactly twice what it last sold for in 1998.
Not exactly a massive boom here. In many other parts of the country (like the West Country and parts of Wales, the North and the Midlands) house prices have increased by a factor of 5 (or more) in that period.
Those areas will certainly fall and, looking at house prices still being asked in those areas, a lot of the South East (with much higher employement and with better salaries) looks relatively cheap.
In the comment above I put the wrong date - the house I recently paid twice as much as it lost sold for - last sold in 1988.
The UK median Household Income is one way of considering affordability.
The last time house prices followed their long term inflationary affordability as a proportion of household income was the mid 1990's.
It is clear that if prices fall to the same level of affordability relative to median household income earnings and interest rates, as they did in the mid-1990s, we are still looking at a 50% + fall, from 2007 peak prices.
Home ownership has remained pretty level since 1990.
An important difference between this bubble and the late-1980s bubble is that this time there are a lot more buy-to-let speculators. These people are highly leveraged (their debts are high relative to their assets) so small changes in asset prices SHOULD make a big change to their situation. As it becomes more difficult to borrow money, many of these people SHOULD find will find that they cannot refinance at affordable rates when their 'teaser' rates come to an end. The long term average Base rate is at 5%. When IR rise again these BTL Speculators must sell their properties or the bank will repossess.
But even then, taxpayer owned banks, do not have to sell repossessions.
The government complains about the “lack of housing” as a cause of the problem, for FTB'ers, yet they sit back and let the banks hold large amounts of the potential housing stock.
It should be illegal for foreclosed housing to have a reserve price.
There is no truer valuation, of what a property is actually worth, than what someone is prepared to pay for it at auction.
Like Millions we have been forced to waste tens upon tens of thousands in rent, and put our lives on hold. All to support a corrupt banking/monetary system which allows the banks to simply create money [debt] out of thin air. [M4 Money supply] The Banks should be likened to being an occupying force.
The UK is under occupation, from an enemy which attacks our liberty, democracy, and human rights, and our elected officials, are like those officials in Vichy France who tried turning a blind eye to the Nazi's. [Gordon Brown and New Labour]
Why bother invading a country with arms, when you can enslave the population using stealth, without the bloodshed?
The banks own us from cradle to grave. They know it and engineer it to be that way. The last thing they want is people being self sufficient and not having to borrow from them.
The UK is not a Democracy. We are a Plutocracy, or the Corporateocracy which New Labour set out to create.
Expect 60% falls from Peak.