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Don't play politics with academic freedom

By encouraging research on the "big society", the Arts and Humanities Research Council sets a danger

Last weekend the Observer broke a story that has exercised some academics for a while. The Arts and Humanities Research Council is encouraging and intending to support research on the "big society". In particular, they want academics to help "contextualise" ideas like selfishness, community, responsibility and so on to this end. The Observer claimed that the government pressurised the AHRC into this even to the point of threatening to reduce funding.

Anyone not familiar with the impact agenda (the policy of attempting to make academic research produce more social and economic impact), and its corrupting effect on the academy can be forgiven for assuming that political pressure would be needed to bring about this state of affairs. However, the relevant department, BIS, issued an unequivocal denial of any such coercion, and then the AHRC said that it "unconditonally and absolutely refutes [sic]" the suggestion that it took instructions from the government (many of us are also upset by the use of "refutes" to mean 'denies' or 'repudiates').

Instead it insisted that mention of the "big society" in its plans and funding schemes was very much its own idea. If this is true, and I think it is, it is even worse. The government may not be trying to impose a research agenda on academics, but the AHRC and the other research councils have been trying to do so for some time.

Let's be clear about the facts. The AHRC "Delivery Plan" is on their website. It mentions the "big society" five times and encourages academics to work on "connected communities" as one of its "highest priorities in the arts and humanities". After reading this document (a painful experience since it resounds with managerial blather - for example, the word "strategic" is used over and over again to convey very little of any substance) I challenged the chief executive of the AHRC about the inclusion of the "big society" at a meeting a couple of months ago. He seemed not to grasp that there was even an issue. He began by saying that the big society was about localism and empowering people and wondering how anyone could object to that.

I replied that the point was that they were publicising a particular political brand. He then said if I was just worried about the words "big society" that is 'just semantics'. Their spokesperson said, "you use the language the people you are talking to understand." Are we to suppose that ministers and civil servants can't understand concepts unless they are translated into the idioms of the "big society"?

I strongly suspect that BIS are telling the truth because the schemes and documents of the AHRC are so intellectually corrupt, and their architects are so lacking in critical consciousness that it is reasonable to imagine that when they realised they could rebrand their existing ideas in a way that they thought would please their political masters, they did so without hesitation. The question that ought to be addressed is when was it decided, and by whom, that arts and humanities academics should be working to improve community cohesion, rather than pursuing the intellectual agenda set by themselves and their peers around the world?

The principle at issue here would be exactly the same if we were talking about the "Third Way" instead of the "Big Society". Indeed, the story of the former is salutary. When Tony Blair was banging on about it, the sociologist and former LSE director Anthony Giddens was a kind of court social philosopher. Nothing very significant or enduring of an intellectual nature was produced and Giddens put the nail in the coffin of his big idea when he wrote about it in relation to a country not now in the news for reasons he predicted: "If Gaddafi is sincere about reform, as I think he is, Libya could end up as the Norway of North Africa." (Guardian, 9 March 2007). More recently another LSE director had to resign because of associations with the same regime, illustrating the dangers of the academy being seduced by material interests.

However, the precedent is now set for any future incoming administration to decree that its political brand should become a research priority. This is immensely damaging to our international reputation for intellectual excellence and integrity, and to democracy and the constitutional principle that to work for the state is not the same thing as to work for the government.

Those with strong stomachs may read for themselves the relevant materials on the AHRC website where they will discover Powerpoint presentations about "connectedness" and "visions for the future". Bullshit was described by Harry Frankfurt in his great essay on the subject as "a greater enemy of the truth than lies are". If only the AHRC would make eliminating it a strategic priority.

James Ladyman is professor of philosophy at the University of Bristol

16 comments

Mrs.Josephine Hyde-Hartley's picture

Let's not confuse selfishness with selflessness.I'm not sure about the idea of an impact agenda as described here, but in any event people will always follow a good leader and good ideas will spread anyway, sometimes in spite of the way people try to manage them. That's one way of looking at the big society effect, in my view. Just watch!

I'm glad the ARCH chief executive mentioned here had the nous to avoid playing politics with the direction of the big society. Surely it's not an issue or anything to do with politics -in my view that's why the big society perspective is so massively important a point - a point that is obviously too big for many of our blinkered academic types to get their heads around.

Suffice it to say, reading this article is like listening to the frying pan calling the kettle blackbottom.

No whitewash's picture

Professor Peter Mandler has explained that he believes the British Academy has yielded to government pressure about research funding and priorities. Sir Adam Roberts, President of the British Academy, has published an article in the Higher asserting that the current situation in the Humanities is not a crisis. Let Fellows of the British Academy explain why they cannot make a stand against this sort of interference and why despite individual protests the Academy seems happy to remain silent and complicit.

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Sonja Christiansen's picture

An even more dangerous precedent was set long ago, when governments began funding solutions to environmental problems 'discovered' by environmentalists. These problems are always, allegedly, man-made, dangerous and understood (according to ideologically selective scientists and advocates). This has led to a vast amount of biased research - research in support of untested policies; more bureaucracy to manage research and prepare policy and then regulate and fine 'polluters', as well as more economic regulation and subsidisation to encourage 'green' or 'sustainable' technologies. The foolish responses (in energy matters)to allegedly man-made, catastrophic global warming is but one example. It is already costing us dearly.Of course research should be useful, but it should not be funded to support half-baked policies, but rather to test them. If government needs knowledge, it should come to the academy or do its own research, not pay what are de facto consultants to provide the desired answers.

gagaladyinthesky's picture

I find particularly ironic the fact that, in order to defend the "independence from group-think, freedom to resist pressure to conform, and willingness to question received wisdom", Jhon Allen quotes as an example the "current strength of former members of Soviet Union in biology".
First of all, such a strength is not recent or current at all: rather, it has been recently noted (which is different from being itself recent).
Huge advancements in biology and especially in neurobiology, in fact, were made in the Soviet Union since the beginning of the XX century (the works of Lurija and Vigotskij being among the most remarkable).
Second, and more importantly, those very huge advancements in neurobiology, in the study of the brain, in the theory of learning, in the social epistemology, in the cognitive function of human emotions (and so on and on and on) were made under the aimed pressures of the Soviet government. The Soviet Union, in fact, was clearly and explicitly funding research in biology and neurobiology with the manifest aim to improve its social engineering policy.
This is, of course, just half of the story. In fact, in those same years, the USA (and not only) saw the phenomenon of the so-called 'privatized science'. Not academia, but huge private corporations (General Electric, American Telephon and Telegraph, Kodak - and so on and on and on) were funding the most brilliant scientists of the time and even supporting some Nobel Prize winners. As a specific example, I just want to remind that the fields of Thermodinamycs and, subsequently, Statistical Mechanics were born out of the specific interests of some corporations and factories.
Not to mention, last but not least, the huge advancements in physics made under the interested funding of governments during (unfortunatelly) war times.
It seems like the "independence from groups" is a relatevely recent phenomenon. In order to claim that such an independence is a "necessary condition" for the advancement of knowledge, one should at least explain why. Can anybody claim that our current science and knowledge - let's say, the one produced during the last 20 or 30 years - has shown much more remarkable advancements than the past "dependent" knowledge? I don't know. Just a couple of examples come to my mind: the advancements in bio-chemistry (a branch which is often fundend by pharmaceutic corporations) and the advancements in computer science and AI (funded by IT corporations).
Seriously, the more I think to this issue, the less I feel "offended" by the choice of AHRC to give funding to a government-oriented research programme. Rather, I think that the actual history of science of the past couple of centuries clearly shows that private interests and government pressures were necessary conditions for some remarkable advancements in science.
Another story, of course, would be if the 'Big Society' really means nothing. Obviously, I am speaking about the Big Society as a research programme, not about the Big SOciety as a mere phrase. For intellectual onesty, I don't feel I am capable to express myself with regard to the intrinsic value of the Big Society (or lack of it): I simply do not know enough about it and, I am not even competent to discuss the issues the Big Society deals with - and, beside, I probably would not even be interested in such issues. My point is that, so far, nobody has actually explained me why this research programme means nothing. All I find in this kind of discussions is a sort of second- or third-hand information full of bad rhetoric (expressed in the form of sentences like 'This said so' 'That one said so and so'). I conclude that mostly of the people I discuss with knows the real content of the Big Society research programme as much as I do.
Therefore, I am still waiting for a good explanation of why the Big Society should be removed from the AHRC scheme.

gagaladyinthesky's picture

I would like to just add something on a final note.
I realize that I have been speaking about scientific knowledge in my previous comment. One could reply: "Ok, perhaps science can make significant advancements even when politics- or government-oriented; what about the arts and humanities?".
In this case, I would just like to remind that Plato, one of the greatest fathers of western philosophy, in his 'Republic' put the community of philosophers and men of knowledge at the highest level of the social hierarchy. That's because, in Plato's opinion, philosophers and men of knowledge must play a vital and concrete role for the resolution of the problems of society. These problems, of course, are not 'eternal' and fixed once and for all, but change through time. If I was sarcastic, I would say that these problems change with governments. I think philosophers and humanists in general should learn how to get their hands dirty with the practical issues raised by societies (or governments).

tbrooks's picture

Readers may wish to sign a petition calling on the AHRC to remove "The Big Society" from its delivery plan here: http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/thebigsociety/

John Allen's picture

There is an acute irony in AHRC authorities being blind to the lessons of history. For example, we might note the current strength of former members of Soviet Union in biology. With our obsessive attention to track records, it is easy to see the consistent long-term effects of restricting opportunities for enquiry to those who promise to deliver pre-conceived conclusions.

The issue is not one of "academics ... pursuing 'pure knowledge'". The issue is simply that necessary conditions for the advancement of knowledge are independence from group-think, freedom to resist pressure to conform, and willingness to question received wisdom. The purpose of a university is to advance knowledge, and it must use these tools to that end. Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition.

The redeeming feature of "The Big Society" is that the phrase means nothing, and therefore forbids nothing - unlike, say, "inheritance of acquired characters" or "geocentric universe". The time to worry will be when control freaks begin to say things one can understand.

As a scientist, I record my complete agreement and warm appreciation of James Ladyman's article. We are all in this together. We know that civilisations wax and wane. We should not be led into a new Dark Age. Certainly not without a fight.

Fred57's picture

Mr.Ladyman, your technique seems to depend heavily on dismissive assertion and heavy handed innuendo, without much in the way of argument or theory, or for that matter, data.

Reflect on this: the fact that Giddens, like a great many others in academia and in media, like the NS and the Guardian, was taken in by Gaddafi does not in itself invalidate his theories about what makes a good society: nowhere in the theores of Giddens will you find him espousing summary execution, dictatorship and patrilineal hierarchies;

likewise the Director of LSE resigned because his own involvement in Libya made LSE vulnerable to the kind of casual mud- slinging that typifies so much 'comment' and 'reporting'; the LSE has 9000 students and 1000 staff, very few of whom had any direct or indirect involvement with Libya; and just to correct any false impression LSE does not sell guns or oil or train people in miltary techniques (unlike Sandhurst, which has trained many dictators in the techniques of warfare, and which seems to have been remarkably above criticism in this whole matter).

And what is wrong with academics studying 'the Big Society' so long as they are allowed to reach their own independent judgements of the whole notion?

Are you saying that the only useful academic work is the stuff that has absolutely no relevance to what is going on around us?

Poor stuff, Mr. Ladyman

Dark Heart of Toryland's picture

The intellectual bankruptcy of the AHRC is depressingly all too typical of the management of higher education (and I write as someone who has benefitted from AHRC funding). The imposition of a politically motivated over-arching research framework is, of course, utterly objectionable, and smacks of the Soviet academy. In practice, the initial effect may not be as quite as malign as would seem. 'The Big Society' is such an utterly platitudinous and vacuuous concept that it should be possible to dress up virtually any research project in appropriate terms. Academics have long had to be practised at fitting research proposals around the latest fads and fashions, and couching them in the current form of management Newspeak - it is probably simply the internalisation of such habits which has led the AHRC down this particular cul-de-sac.
Nevertheless, the idea that research should be directed towards a narrowly party-political agenda is pernicious, and sets a dangerous precedent. There is also, of course the ever present risk that continued or renewed funding will be conditional on the production of the 'correct' results, on the he-who-who-pays-the-piper-calls-the-tune principle. Research that is financed according to a particular agenda is inevitably compromised.

Naomi's picture

Great post.

gagaladyinthesky's picture

"The question that ought to be addressed is when was it decided, and by whom, that arts and humanities academics should be working to improve community cohesion, rather than pursuing the intellectual agenda set by themselves and their peers around the world?": this point puzzles me. It seems it relies on the idea that academics are always pursuing 'pure knowledge' and that they can do so 'purely' by themselves. This is to say that academia is a sort of micro-society within a larger macro-society, loosely connected to the latter and quiet 'independent'. Are we sure this is the case? It would be too strong claiming that academics have never been influenced by politics and other social factors before. So, the only mistake made by AHRC would be making this strategy too explicit.

One could still ask, in turn: "When was it decided, and by whom, that arts and humanities academics should be pursuing the intellectual agenda set by themselves and their peers around the world instead of, just for example, working to improve community cohesion?"
It must be acknowledged that academics form a very close, almost esoteric community. Such a high intelligence community sets its own agenda following its own undiscussed rules. Probably, some interesting research projects do not get any funding whatsoever because they are of no interest for the academia. And why are they (belived to be) of no interest for the academia? Simply because (in its freedom of pursuing the 'right knowledge' - which is, at the same time, the lack of freedom for advancing alternative definitions of what the 'right knowledge' is) academia states so. Is this fair?

Surely AHRC is following a somewhat controversial policy. At the same time, academics should come to terms with the fact that they are not the 'absolute rulers' of the knowledge they produce.

No whitewash's picture

All of the people listed below share in the AHRC's complicity, tanned should be forced to defend their stance and their role in destroying UK Higher Education

Professor Jonathan Bate, University of Warwick
2007-2011
Professor John Butt, University of Glasgow
2010-2014
Dame Lynne Brindley, British Library
2008-2011
Ms Sally Doganis, Doganis Associates
2007-2011
Professor Ellen Douglas Cowie, Queens University Belfast
2008-2011
Professor Rick Rylance, AHRC Chief Executive
2009-2013
Professor Roger Kain, School of Advanced Studies
2008-2011
Richard Halkett, Cisco, LA
2008-2011
John Howkins, writer and consulant, London
2008-2011
Professor Ewan McKendrick, University of Oxford
2010-2014
Mr Trevor Spires, retired, ex Royal Navy
2010-2014
Professor Andrew Thompson, University of Leeds
2010-2014
Professor Rick Trainor, Kings College London
2006-2011
Professor Sarah Worthington, LSW
2010-2014
Professor Sir Alan Wilson, AHRC Chairman

Andy's picture

I almost think it is more worrying that the AHRC seem to have come up with this by themselves, rather than having it forced on them as originally reported. My worry is that this spectacularly ill-judged strategy will force more of the 'good guys' to resign their posts on the PRC. It is worth bearing in mind that the AHRC is primarily an administrative body and that the decisions about which projects do or do not get funding are made on the basis of recommendations of the academics who choose to work with them.
Somewhat speculatively, I imagine that the response within the AHRC to the current controversy involves a lot of eye-rolling and puzzlement. For this reason, I think it is essential that academics continue to engage with the AHRC from within. While the AHRC may set the agenda, misguidedly I think in this case, academics who choose to work with them will ultimately have a great deal more influence than those who don't.

Jim's picture

This is related to the need to prove research has impact beyond the academic sphere, a misunderstanding of the nature of research. We need to continue to oppose such ideas: http://againstimpact.wordpress.com/

Jon's picture

Again and again I hear this claim that academic investigation is somehow unpolluted, wholly unbiased and pure. Sorry, but it is not like this. Academics are humans and, as such, are subject to human flaws. Academic research -- at least that funded via directed programmes -- has always been opportunistic. Research councils use directed programmes to fund specific research -- research that is invariably driven by government priorities. By all means, argue against 'connected communities' as a theme, but then you should argue against all such themes

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